Table 2 Within-individual associations of sanction type with substance misuse, mental health, somatic health, and crime

Adjusted for age and year

 Reference: parole (n = 19,864)

  Probation (n = 7182)

0.90 (0.82–0.99)

1.06 (0.95–1.18)

0.96 (0.90–1.03)

0.80 (0.77–0.84)

  Contract treatment (n = 13,508)

0.76 (0.70–0.83)

0.91 (0.82–1.00)

0.85 (0.80–0.90)

0.55 (0.52–0.57)

Adjusted for age, year, and substance use

 Reference: parole (n = 7945)

  Probation (n = 2426)

0.82 (0.69–0.98)

1.01 (0.82–1.26)

0.93 (0.81–1.06)

0.95 (0.87–1.04)

  Contract treatment (n = 5476)

0.65 (0.56–0.75)

0.78 (0.65–0.94)

0.73 (0.65–0.81)

0.48 (0.44–0.52)

Adjusted for age, year, substance use, employment, and housing

 Reference: parole (n = 5359)

  Probation (n = 1876)

0.80 (0.64–1.00)

0.96 (0.74–1.26)

0.99 (0.83–1.17)

1.05 (0.93–1.18)

  Contract treatment (n = 4083)

0.70 (0.58–0.86)

0.78 (0.61–0.99)

0.78 (0.68–0.90)

0.50 (0.45–0.55)

Adjusted for age, year, substance use, employment, housing, and recidivism risk

 Reference: parole (n = 4146)

  Probation (n = 1414)

0.86 (0.64–1.15)

0.87 (0.60–1.25)

0.96 (0.76–1.20)

1.16 (0.99–1.35)

  Contract treatment (n = 2658)

0.64 (0.49–0.85)

0.64 (0.45–0.90)

0.73 (0.59–0.89)

0.45 (0.40–0.51)