Table 3 Rural urban differences in the prevalence of depression among multimorbid older adults by various factors in India, 2017–18

Sociodemographic

 Age

  Young-old (60–69 years)

35.06

28.48

6.58

 ≤ 0.001

  Old-old (70–79 years)

39.73

28.55

11.18

 ≤ 0.005

  Oldest-old (80 + years)

49.12

32.73

16.39

 ≤ 0.005

 Sex

  Male

35.35

28.50

6.85

 ≤ 0.001

  Female

40.86

29.10

11.76

 ≤ 0.001

 Education

  No education/ Primary not completed

42.42

35.28

7.14

 ≤ 0.001

  Primary

29.17

32.71

3.54

0.498

  Secondary

37.05

16.64

20.41

0.116

  Higher

23.06

24.42

1.36

0.976

 Religion

  Hindu

38.83

29.02

9.81

 ≤ 0.001

  Muslim

41.37

30.4

10.97

 ≤ 0.001

  Christian

32.64

25.24

7.40

 ≤ 0.005

  Others

28.84

21.67

7.17

0.450

 Caste

  Scheduled caste (SC)

49.63

33.31

16.32

 ≤ 0.005

  Scheduled tribe (ST)

34.91

20.43

14.48

 < 0.001

  Other backward class (OBC)

35.63

27.27

8.36

 ≤ 0.005

  Others

35.24

30.04

5.20

0.042

Health and behavioural factors

 ADL disability

  No

30.38

24.82

5.56

 < 0.001

  Yes

52.65

40.37

12.28

 < 0.001

 IADL disability

  No

26.51

25.9

0.61

0.045

  Yes

45.36

31.95

13.41

 < 0.001

 Self-rated health

  Very poor

63.72

62.59

1.13

0.421

  Poor

45.71

38.19

7.52

 ≤ 0.005

  Fair

31.80

22.42

9.38

 ≤ 0.005

  Good

27.18

24.18

3.00

 ≤ 0.005

  Very Good

24.12

18.41

5.71

 ≤ 0.05

 Pain

  No

32.13

23.85

8.28

 ≤ 0.001

  Yes

44.5

36.11

8.39

 ≤ 0.001

 Body Mass Index

  Underweight

53.56

41.65

11.91

 ≤ 0.005

  Normal

36.9

29.34

7.56

 ≤ 0.005

  Overweight

28.76

29.05

0.29

0.093

  Obese

21.53

21.72

0.19

0.295

  Missing

49.66

32.72

16.94

 ≤ 0.001

 Physical activity status

  Never

39.82

27.41

12.41

 ≤ 0.001

  Frequent

32.06

41.03

8.97

0.221

  Rare

37.75

12.70

25.05

 ≤ 0.050

 Tobacco consumption

  No

36.26

28.32

7.94

 ≤ 0.001

  Yes

41.43

30.68

10.75

 ≤ 0.001

 Alcohol consumption

  No

39.01

29.2

9.81

 ≤ 0.001

  Yes

33.81

25.89

7.92

0.141

 Health insurance coverage

  No

39.89

29.35

10.54

 ≤ 0.001

  Yes

32.41

26.49

5.92

 ≤ 0.05

Psycho-social factors

 Perceived discrimination

  No

34.66

27.06

7.6

 ≤ 0.001

  Yes

53.54

37.62

15.92

0.236

 Marital Status

  Currently in union

33.83

29.43

4.4

 ≤ 0.001

  Currently not in union

45.62

28.07

17.55

 ≤ 0.001

 Working status

  Never worked

42.93

27.04

15.89

 ≤ 0.001

  Retired

39.31

29.33

9.98

 ≤ 0.001

  Currently working

30.07

33.03

2.96

0.521

 Ill treatment

  No

36.93

27.82

9.11

 ≤ 0.001

  Yes

59.23

54.9

4.33

0.962

 Community involvement

  No

38.6

29.33

9.27

 ≤ 0.001

  Yes

33.6

19.69

13.91

 ≤ 0.005

Household factors

 MPCE quintile

  Poorest

48.79

33.9

14.89

 ≤ 0.001

  Poor

35.69

33.27

2.42

 ≤ 0.05

  Middle

41.10

29.53

11.57

 ≤ 0.001

  Richer

36.46

25.05

11.41

 ≤ 0.005

  Richest

33.43

25.87

7.56

0.094

 Region

  North

33.60

32.91

0.69

0.062

  West

26.01

21.07

4.94

 ≤ 0.005

  Northeast

24.62

10.31

14.31

 ≤ 0.05

  East

46.26

37.89

8.37

0.512

  Central

42.79

35.82

6.97

0.052

  South

39.39

28.1

11.29

 ≤ 0.001