Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria of the participants

Inclusion criteria:

1. Age between 18 and 60 years.

2. Diagnosed by a psychiatrist based on the International Classification of Diseases-10/Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 criteria.

3. The total score on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale changed by < 15, and the total score was < 60 in the past 4 weeks.

4. Provided signed informed consent.

Exclusion criteria:

1. Diagnosed with a mental illness other than schizophrenia, such as depression, dementia, or epilepsy.

2. With debilitating mental disability or illiterate, hampering communication.