Table 4 Multiple linear regression analysis of the EPDS scores (N = 3523)

Taiwan

-1.330

0.319

< 0.0001

-2.203

0.384

< 0.0001

Thailand

0.183

0.298

0.538

-1.142

0.384

0.003

South Korea

0.053

0.362

0.884

-1.323

0.422

0.002

UK

-0.426

0.297

0.151

0.150

0.316

0.635

Brazil

ref

ref

Social demographic data

Age (Years)

18–29

1.950

0.468

< 0.0001

1.676

0.442

0.000

30–39

0.603

0.455

0.186

1.056

0.415

0.011

41–49

ref

ref

Educational level (Secondary or lower)

1.447

0.223

< 0.0001

-0.007

0.249

0.979

Working status

Working

-0.356

0.303

0.240

0.039

0.287

0.892

On maternity leave

-1.150

0.234

< 0.0001

-0.248

0.253

0.328

Homemaker/unemployed

ref

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Marital status (married)

-3.172

0.458

< 0.0001

-0.651

0.435

0.135

Residence local (urban)

-0.435

0.215

0.043

0.014

0.220

0.949

Obstetric data

Primiparous

0.460

0.194

0.018

0.421

0.187

0.024

Planned pregnancy

-1.826

0.240

< 0.0001

-0.852

0.229

0.000

 C-Section delivery mode

-0.041

0.197

0.835

Had preterm delivery

0.464

0.293

0.113

Low birthweight (< 2.5 kg)

0.629

0.361

0.081

Health problem during pregnancy, delivery or postpartum

1.064

0.193

< 0.0001

1.393

0.192

< 0.0001

Received 4 or more postnatal care

-0.950

0.196

< 0.0001

-0.046

0.225

0.839

Impact of COVID-19

Changes in food insecurity

No change (insecure - insecure)

3.016

0.328

< 0.0001

1.895

0.345

< 0.0001

Worse

2.557

0.310

< 0.0001

1.607

0.309

< 0.0001

Better

1.198

1.039

0.249

0.682

0.955

0.475

No change (secure - secure)

ref

ref

Ever tested as COVID-19 positive

0.145

0.288

0.614

COVID-19 vaccination (yes)

-0.221

0.214

0.304

Infant feeding

Breastfeeding direct at breast

-0.393

0.218

0.071

Expressed human milk

0.445

0.198

0.024

0.615

0.197

0.002

Infant formula

0.424

0.196

0.030

0.453

0.197

0.021

Solid, semi-solid or soft foods

1.421

0.296

< 0.0001

1.021

0.273

0.000

Belief towards breastfeeding (per one score increase)

-0.120

0.036

0.001

-0.074

0.043

0.084

Support for postnatal infant feeding

No support for infant feeding

1.407

0.264

< 0.0001

0.483

0.322

0.134

Healthcare professional support

-0.790

0.204

0.000

-0.078

0.230

0.733

Spouse/partner, friend, or relative support

-0.831

0.192

< 0.0001

-0.016

0.203

0.938

Online support group

0.263

0.208

0.207

Social Support

Low social support (< 19 scores)

6.589

0.387

< 0.0001

5.857

0.395

< 0.0001

Medium social support (19–24 scores)

3.466

0.195

< 0.0001

3.192

0.195

< 0.0001

High social support (25–30 scores)

ref

ref

Intercept

8.485

0.996

< 0.0001

Adjusted R2

0.206

0.201

 F-value (p-value)

25.5

< 0.0001

31.2

< 0.0001