|  | Domain1 Physical health | Domain 2 Psychological health | Domain 3 Social relationships | Domain4 Environment | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||||||||||
 |  | β | t | β | t | β | t | β | t | β | t | β | t | β | t | β | t | β | t | β | t | β | t | β | t |
PWMI’s demographic and illness characteristics |  | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
 | Age | 0.18 | 1.85 | 0.10 | 0.66 | 0.06 | 0.53 | 0.26** | 2.66 | 0.08 | 0.51 | 0.02 | 0.17 | 0.21* | 2.08 | 0.03 | 0.21 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.35*** | 3.58 | 0.14 | 0.98 | 0.10 | 0.77 |
 | Male (reference: female) | -0.12* | -2.34 | -0.06 | -1.12 | -0.02 | -0.46 | -0.07 | -1.39 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 1.08 | -0.05 | -0.94 | -0.02 | -0.29 | 0.01 | 0.13 | -0.07 | -1.40 | -0.01 | -0.27 | 0.01 | 0.11 |
 | Married, cohabiting, remarried (reference: single) | -0.03 | -0.35 | -0.02 | -0.22 | -0.03 | -0.49 | -0.06 | -0.84 | -0.02 | -0.18 | -0.02 | -0.37 | -0.05 | -0.73 | 0.03 | 0.29 | 0.02 | 0.26 | 0.02 | 0.25 | 0.10 | 1.05 | 0.09 | 1.13 |
 | Widowed, separated, divorced (reference: single) | -0.05 | -0.73 | -0.08 | -1.12 | -0.03 | -0.66 | -0.05 | -0.77 | -0.05 | -0.63 | 0.00 | 0.00 | -0.09 | -1.26 | -0.05 | -0.72 | -0.03 | -0.49 | -0.01 | -0.08 | 0.07 | 0.95 | 0.09 | 1.51 |
 | Number of years of education | 0.16* | 2.31 | 0.02 | 0.29 | -0.01 | -0.22 | 0.20** | 2.89 | 0.08 | 1.08 | 0.05 | 0.89 | 0.04 | 0.64 | -0.07 | -0.97 | -0.09 | -1.44 | 0.26*** | 3.93 | 0.10 | 1.32 | 0.07 | 1.21 |
 | Bipolar disorder (reference: schizophrenia) | 0.11* | 2.09 | 0.09 | 1.64 | 0.05 | 1.21 | 0.09 | 1.70 | 0.08 | 1.45 | 0.02 | 0.64 | 0.05 | 0.93 | 0.04 | 0.72 | -0.01 | -0.20 | 0.06 | 1.17 | 0.05 | 0.91 | 0.01 | 0.30 |
 | Major depressive disorder (reference: schizophrenia) | 0.00 | 0.02 | -0.04 | -0.55 | -0.05 | -0.90 | 0.08 | 1.10 | 0.05 | 0.72 | 0.04 | 0.71 | -0.09 | -1.23 | -0.10 | -1.42 | -0.13* | -1.99 | 0.05 | 0.64 | 0.01 | 0.14 | -0.02 | -0.39 |
 | Age of treatment initiation | 0.05 | 0.54 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.41 | 0.00 | 0.04 | -0.01 | -0.07 | 0.02 | 0.21 | -0.02 | -0.20 | -0.09 | -0.66 | -0.08 | -0.61 | 0.00 | 0.03 | -0.03 | -0.21 | 0.01 | 0.07 |
 | Psychiatric hospitalization ever (reference: never) | -0.14* | -2.21 | -0.09 | -1.43 | -0.06 | -1.42 | -0.10 | -1.61 | -0.07 | -1.08 | -0.02 | -0.45 | -0.15* | -2.27 | -0.11 | -1.75 | -0.06 | -1.07 | -0.15* | -2.45 | -0.13* | -2.14 | -0.08 | -1.54 |
 | Suicidal attempt/behavior ever (reference: never) | -0.01 | -0.23 | -0.02 | -0.49 | 0.05 | 1.47 | -0.06 | -1.19 | -0.07 | -1.51 | -0.01 | -0.22 | -0.02 | -0.33 | -0.03 | -0.57 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.17 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 1.04 |
 | Compulsory admission ever (reference: never) | 0.05 | 0.85 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 1.31 | 0.00 | 0.03 | -0.04 | -0.64 | 0.00 | 0.10 | -0.04 | -0.62 | -0.07 | -1.32 | -0.05 | -1.02 | 0.09 | 1.69 | 0.06 | 1.10 | 0.08 | 1.76 |
 |  |  F = 2.96**, R2 = 0.07a | F = 3.12***, R2 = 0.08a | F = 1.88*, R2 = 0.05a | F = 4.81***, R2 = 0.11a | ||||||||||||||||||||
Caregiver’s demographic characteristics |  | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
 | Age |  |  | 0.02 | 0.22 | -0.08 | -1.41 |  |  | 0.15 | 1.89 | 0.04 | 0.83 |  |  | 0.22** | 2.77 | 0.14* | 2.11 |  |  | 0.26** | 3.49 | 0.19** | 2.91 |
 | Male (reference: female) |  |  | 0.03 | 0.61 | -0.02 | -0.49 |  |  | 0.05 | 1.05 | 0.00 | 0.03 |  |  | -0.06 | -1.17 | -0.10* | -2.17 |  |  | -0.02 | -0.37 | -0.05 | -1.24 |
 | Married, cohabiting, remarried (reference: single) |  |  | 0.03 | 0.39 | 0.05 | 0.96 |  |  | -0.03 | -0.34 | 0.00 | 0.00 |  |  | 0.03 | 0.37 | 0.04 | 0.62 |  |  | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.48 |
 | Widowed, separated, divorced (reference: single) |  |  | -0.13 | -1.78 | -0.02 | -0.35 |  |  | -0.09 | -1.25 | 0.01 | 0.28 |  |  | -0.02 | -0.22 | 0.05 | 0.68 |  |  | -0.11 | -1.49 | -0.05 | -0.72 |
 | Number of years of education |  |  | 0.25*** | 3.92 | 0.09* | 2.02 |  |  | 0.24*** | 3.86 | 0.07 | 1.51 |  |  | 0.23*** | 3.55 | 0.09 | 1.53 |  |  | 0.31*** | 5.07 | 0.19*** | 3.56 |
 | Parent (reference: others) |  |  | -0.07 | -0.76 | -0.02 | -0.33 |  |  | -0.18* | -2.00 | -0.14* | -2.23 |  |  | -0.21* | -2.35 | -0.18* | -2.28 |  |  | -0.08 | -0.87 | -0.04 | -0.59 |
 | Spouse (reference: others) |  |  | -0.11 | -1.34 | -0.02 | -0.30 |  |  | -0.15 | -1.76 | -0.05 | -0.92 |  |  | -0.17 | -1.97 | -0.10 | -1.32 |  |  | -0.08 | -1.02 | -0.03 | -0.43 |
 | Duration of caregiving (in years) |  |  | -0.01 | -0.13 | -0.02 | -0.33 |  |  | 0.00 | -0.01 | 0.00 | -0.05 |  |  | -0.03 | -0.36 | -0.03 | -0.45 |  |  | 0.00 | -0.01 | 0.01 | 0.22 |
 | Primary caregiver (reference: no) |  |  | -0.02 | -0.37 | 0.01 | 0.25 |  |  | -0.02 | -0.33 | 0.02 | 0.41 |  |  | -0.07 | -1.26 | -0.04 | -0.87 |  |  | -0.06 | -1.16 | -0.03 | -0.61 |
 |  |  F = 4.18***, R2 = 0.17b, ΔR2 = 0.10 |  F = 3.70***, R2 = 0.16b, ΔR2 = 0.08 |  F = 2.59***, R2 = 0.11b, ΔR2 = 0.07 |  F = 4.88***, R2 = 0.20b, ΔR2 = 0.08 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Caregiver’s self-esteem, burden and distress |  | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
 | Self-esteem |  |  |  |  | 0.20*** | 4.66 |  |  |  |  | 0.28*** | 6.62 |  |  |  |  | 0.29*** | 5.26 |  |  |  |  | 0.17** | 3.34 |
 | Care burden |  |  |  |  | -0.09* | -2.05 |  |  |  |  | -0.13** | -2.99 |  |  |  |  | -0.12* | -2.22 |  |  |  |  | -0.25*** | -4.81 |
 | Depression |  |  |  |  | -0.43*** | -7.86 |  |  |  |  | -0.44*** | -8.26 |  |  |  |  | -0.22** | -3.23 |  |  |  |  | -0.24*** | -3.68 |
 | Anxiety |  |  |  |  | -0.09 | -1.85 |  |  |  |  | 0.00 | -0.06 |  |  |  |  | 0.01 | 0.14 |  |  |  |  | 0.09 | 1.52 |
 |  |  F = 23.24***, R2 = 0.58c, ΔR2 = 0.41 |  F = 25.55***, R2 = 0.61c, ΔR2 = 0.45 |  F = 8.82***, R2 = 0.35c, ΔR2 = 0.23 |  F = 11.73***, R2 = 0.41c, ΔR2 = 0.22 | ||||||||||||||||||||
 |  | a Adjusted R2 = 0.05. b Adjusted R2 = 0.13. c Adjusted R2 = 0.56. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. | a Adjusted R2 = 0.05. b Adjusted R2 = 0.11. c Adjusted R2 = 0.58. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. | a Adjusted R2 = 0.02. b Adjusted R2 = 0.07. c Adjusted R2 = 0.31. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. | a Adjusted R2 = 0.09. b Adjusted R2 = 0.16. c Adjusted R2 = 0.38. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. |