Subgroups | Studies, No. | Sample, No. | SMD | 95% CI | I2, % | P value for interaction |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean age | ||||||
 <40 years | 3 | 187 | − 0.22 | [− 0.73, 0.29] | 66 | 0.67 |
 >40 years | 3 | 236 | −0.35 | [− 0.61, − 0.08] | 0 | |
Control group | ||||||
 TAU | 2 | 135 | −0.32 | [− 0.66, 0.03] | 0 | 0.12 |
 Waiting list | 1 | 44 | −0.86 | [−1.50, − 0.22] | NAa | |
 Placebo | 3 | 244 | −0.13 | [− 0.42, 0.16] | 20 | |
%University or above | ||||||
 <70 | 2 | 143 | 0.03 | [−0.30, 0.36] | 0 | 0.03b |
 >70 | 4 | 280 | −0.42 | [− 0.66, − 0.18] | 0 | |
%Employment | ||||||
 <50 | 2 | 117 | −0.42 | [− 0.76, − 0.08] | 0 | 0.94 |
 >50 | 2 | 140 | −0.39 | [−1.26, −0.49] | 80 | |
Frequency of session | ||||||
  ≤ 10 sessions | 3 | 210 | −0.31 | [−0.75, 0.14] | 59 | 0.88 |
 >10 sessions | 3 | 213 | −0.26 | [− 0.58, 0.05] | 20 | |
Provider of intervention | ||||||
 Specialist | 3 | 208 | −0.19 | [− 0.47, 0.08] | 0 | 0.52 |
 Non-specialist | 3 | 215 | −0.37 | [−0.83, 0.09] | 61 | |
Form of intervention | ||||||
 Individual | 1 | 39 | −0.51 | [−1.15, 0.13] | NAa | 0.45 |
 Group | 5 | 384 | −0.25 | [− 0.52,0.02] | 40 | |
Duration of one session | ||||||
 <2 h | 2 | 109 | −0.20 | [− 0.72, 0.33] | 45 | 0.70 |
 >2 h | 4 | 314 | −0.32 | [− 0.62, − 0.01] | 42 | |
Cognitive behavioral technique | ||||||
 Yes | 3 | 184 | −0.52 | [− 0.82, − 0.22] | 0 | 0.03b |
 No | 3 | 239 | −0.07 | [−0.33, 0.18] | 0 | |
Length of follow-up | ||||||
 <12 months | 3 | 179 | −0.47 | [− 0.83, − 0.11] | 24 | 0.15 |
  ≥ 12 months | 3 | 244 | −0.13 | [−0.42, 0.16] | 20 |