Table 4 Multivariate and bivariate associations between depression and other mental health measures

β

Sig.

Variable

Category

Lower

Upper

Gender

Female

2.93

0.844

5.019

0.006*

Male

Ref

Medical specialty

Internal medicine

3.24

−0.679

7.158

0.105

Pediatrics

5.57

1.508

9.624

0.007*

Obstetrics and Gynecology

4.27

0.574

7.958

0.024*

General surgery

1.82

−2.275

5.917

0.384

ENT surgery

4.61

0.169

9.040

0.042*

Cardiothoracic

0.69

−5.923

7.320

0.836

Anesthesia

3.79

−0.348

7.935

0.073

Psychiatry

Ref

Hours of exercise per week

0 h.

1.25

−1.532

4.025

0.379

<  1 h

−1.23

−4.042

1.579

0.391

1–2.5 h

−1.05

−3.895

1.792

0.469

> 2.5 h

Ref

Hobbies

Yes

− 1.84

−3.998

0.325

0.096

No

Ref

Family depression

Yes

1.85

−0.408

4.117

0.108

No

Ref

Previous diagnosis of depression

Yes

10.07

6.136

14.007

< 0.001*

No

Ref

Current illness other than depression

Yes

3.06

0.095

6.023

0.043*

No

Ref

Total household income per month in Kenyan Shillings

10,000 – 50,000

4.54

0.878

8.202

0.015*

51,000 – 100,000

2.04

−1.075

5.153

0.199

101,000 – 150,000

3.01

0.792

5.232

0.008*

> 150,000

Ref

−0.68

−1.125

−0.242

0.002*

−0.01

−0.05

0.026

0.529

0.71

0.556

0.863

< 0.001*

−2.19

−3.023

−1.357

< 0.001*

0.07

−0.001

0.137

0.053

Variable

Category

β

Lower

Upper

Sig.

Gender

Female

4.48

1.91

7.05

0.001*

Male

Ref.

Hobbies

Yes

−4.61

−7.56

−1.65

0.002*

No

Ref.

Family depression

Yes

6.43

3.31

9.54

< 0.001*

No

Ref.

Previous diagnosis of depression

Yes

15.08

9.78

20.38

< 0.001*

No

Ref.

Current illness other than depression

Yes

7.40

3.24

11.56

< 0.001*

No

Ref.

Medical specialty

Internal medicine

−0.17

−5.47

5.14

0.951

Paediatrics

5.19

−0.25

10.63

0.061

Obstetrics and Gynaecology

3.07

−2.03

8.17

0.238

General surgery

−2.15

−7.67

3.38

0.446

ENT surgery

2.67

−3.53

8.87

0.398

Cardiothoracic surgery

−7.05

−15.98

1.88

0.122

Anaesthesia

0.09

−5.68

5.86

0.975

Psychiatry

Ref.

Hours of exercise per week

0 h

5.58

1.84

9.32

0.003*

<  1 h

0.92

−2.99

4.82

0.645

1–2.5 h

2.03

−2.02

6.08

0.326

> 2.5 h

Ref.

Total household income per month in Kenyan Shillings

10,000 – 50,000

8.27

2.93

13.61

0.002*

51,000 – 100,000

−0.09

−4.45

4.27

0.968

101,000 – 150,000

3.07

−0.09

6.24

0.057

> 150,000

Ref.

Sleep hours

−1.29

−1.88

−0.71

< 0.001*

Total PHEEM

−0.14

−0.18

− 0.09

< 0.001*

Total PSS

1.10

0.95

1.25

< 0.001*

Total MSPSS

−4.58

−5.57

−3.59

< 0.001*

Total ASSIST

0.17

0.07

0.26

0.001*