Table 3 Reported Prevalence and Duration of Prodromal Symptoms Between Patients with BD-I and BD-II Prior to the First Mania/ Hypomania Episode

N

%

N

%

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

 Extremely energetic/active

32

34.8

11

39.3

0.66

8

5.8

4.9

3.6

0.10

 Overly cheerful, happy, on top of the world

27

29.4

8

28.6

0.94

13.9

21.1

8.6

8.6

0.38

 Racing thoughts

24

26.1

6

21.4

0.62

8.3

6.7

4.3

3.5

0.24

 Overly talkative

32

34.8

9

32.1

0.80

6.5

4

8.6

8.6

0.82

 Decreased need for sleep

18

19.6

5

17.9

0.84

13.7

28.5

5.2

4.7

0.45

 Irritability or anger

21

22.8

6

21.4

0.88

15.8

25.4

7.2

5.2

0.54

 Overly self-confident

13

14.1

3

10.7

0.64

21.6

50.3

15.6

20.9

0.53

 Physical agitated

9

9.8

3

10.7

0.89

13

9.7

6.1

4.9

0.18

 Increased sexual energy

3

3.3

3

10.7

0.14

5.8

3.5

6.5

7.5

0.74

 Reckless or dangerous behaviors

10

10.9

3

10.7

1.00^a

21.6

40.4

10.1

10.9

0.90

 Risky sexual behavior

3

3.3

3

10.7

0.14^a

2.2

3.1

10.8

15.3

0.68

 Trouble concentrating

14

15.2

4

14.3

1.00^a

17.3

14

8.6

6.1

0.22

 Mania Index total

65

70.7

18

64.3

0.52

15.8

28.6

12.2

13.8

0.83

 Depressed mood

7

7.6

4

14.3

0.28^a

30.8

36.7

10.4

4.9

0.37

 Tiredness or lack of energy

6

6.5

2

7.1

1.00^a

15.6

12.4

8.6

4.3

0.55

 Reduction of enjoyment/ interest

6

6.5

1

3.6

1.00^a

25.2

22.1

4.3

6.1

0.18

 Trouble concentrating

14

15.2

4

14.3

1.00^a

17.3

14

8.6

6.1

0.22

 Insomnia

18

19.6

3

10.7

0.40^a

11.7

12.5

5.8

6.6

0.35

 Feeling of worthless or guilty

5

5.4

2

7.1

0.66 ^a

10.4

10.8

6.5

2.5

1.00

 Weight loss or decrease in appetite

5

5.4

3

10.7

0.39 ^a

17.3

21.8

8.6

5.3

0.91

 Physically slowed down

3

3.3

0

0.0

1.00 ^a

18.7

28.8

–

–

n.a.

 Thinking about suicide

1

1.1

1

3.6

0.41^a

10.1

13.9

4.3

6.1

0.77

 Sleeping too much

5

5.4

1

3.6

1.00^a

30.3

49

10.1

13.9

0.46

 Attempting suicide

1

1.1

0

0.0

1.00^a

2.2

3.1

–

–

n.a.

 Weight gain or increasing in appetite

5

5.4

4

14.3

0.21

16.2

24

16.2

24

1.00

 Depression Index Total

33

35.9

12

42.9

0.50

20.3

28.1

14.4

14.7

0.95

 Educational and occupational dysfunction

20

21.7

2

7.1

0.081

18.5

15.6

8.6

6.1

0.37

 Anxiety or nervousness

16

17.4

5

17.9

1.00^a

38.9

50.6

13.8

16.8

0.23

 Social isolation

12

13.0

1

3.6

0.30^a

21.2

17.9

6.9

3.9

0.078

 Frequent mood swings/lability

28

30.4

6

21.4

0.35

17.7

29.9

11.7

11.4

0.86

 Difficulty making decisions

4

4.4

3

10.7

0.35^a

31.3

48.4

6.1

3.9

0.45

 Obsessions and compulsions

7

7.6

2

7.1

1.00^a

26.5

39.7

6.5

5.6

0.44

 Losing temper frequently or trouble controlling anger

30

32.6

4

14.3

0.060

12.3

23.6

7.2

4.3

0.83

 Day/night sleep reversal

5

5.4

1

3.6

1.00a

11.7

17.9

10.1

13.9

0.72

 Self-injurious behavior (no intent to kill self)

0

0.0

0

0.0

n.a

79.9

106.9

4.3

6.1

0.44

 Oppositionality

15

16.3

3

10.7

0.58^a

22.6

31.1

5.8

6.6

0.13

 Giddy, clownish

15

16.3

3

10.7

0.56^a

10.8

14.9

7.2

6.6

0.93

 Increased creativity

12

13.0

5

17.9

0.54^a

21.1

50.5

12.1

17.7

0.82

VGeneral Index Total

62

67.4

17

60.7

0.51

20.1

35.6

14.5

14.4

0.70

 Suspiciousness/persecutory ideas

20

21.7

4

14.3

0.39

13.9

26.3

4.3

3.1

0.22

 Strange or unusual ideas

21

22.8

4

14.3

0.33

20.7

30

5.8

5

0.23

 Difficulty thinking or communicating clearly

9

9.8

3

10.7

1.00^a

18

17.2

0

.

n.a.

 Hallucinations

5

5.4

1

3.6

1.00a

10.1

9

2.2

3.1

0.37

 Psychosis Index Total

32

34.8

7

25.0

0.33

16.8

24.7

5.0

3.3

0.11

 BPSS-R Total

75

81.5

22

78.6

0.73

18.4

32.6

15.7

15.0

0.48