From: Mental health status of Chinese residents during the COVID-19 epidemic
Factors | Non-anxiety group (n = 1522) N(%)/ M ± SD | Mild anxiety symptom group (n = 19,994) N(%)/ M ± SD | Moderate anxiety symptom group (n = 24,843) N(%)/ M ± SD | Severe anxiety symptom group (n = 13,840) N(%)/ M ± SD | χ2 | P | B | OR (95% CI) | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||||||||
 Female | 983 (2.9%) | 10,448 (30.4%) | 14,390 (41.8%) | 8597 (25.0%) | 375.489 | < 0.001 | Referent | 1.0 | – |
 Male | 539 (2.1%) | 9546 (37.0%) | 10,453 (40.5%) | 5243 (20.3%) |  |  | −0.541 | 0.582 (0.558–0.608) | < 0.001 |
Age (years) | |||||||||
 18–25 | 47 (0.3%) | 9407 (52.7%) | 4006 (22.4%) | 4398 (24.6%) | 25,371.421 | < 0.001 | Referent | 1.0 | – |
 26–35 | 1382 (7.5%) | 8712 (47.2%) | 4595 (24.9%) | 3756 (20.4%) |  |  | −0.194 | 0.824 (0.786–0.863) | < 0.001 |
 36–45 | 9 (0.1%) | 1013 (9.8%) | 7879 (76.2%) | 1444 (14.0%) |  |  | 1.151 | 3.162 (2.996–3.338) | < 0.001 |
 46–55 | 17 (0.2%) | 659 (6.7%) | 7756 (78.6%) | 1432 (14.5%) |  |  | 1.177 | 3.244 (3.072–3.425) | < 0.001 |
 56–65 | 67 (1.8%) | 203 (5.5%) | 607 (16.5%) | 2810 (76.2%) |  |  | 3.16 | 23.664 (21.600–25.925) | < 0.001 |
Education level | |||||||||
 Primary school | 397 (7.1%) | 2133 (38.2%) | 2142 (38.4%) | 913 (16.3%) | 1857.616 | < 0.001 | Referent | 1.0 | – |
 Middle school | 19 (1.1%) | 550 (31.7%) | 984 (56.8%) | 180 (10.4%) |  |  | 1.497 | 4.470 (3.898–5.127) | < 0.001 |
 High school | 453 (2.4%) | 4714 (24.8%) | 8969 (47.1%) | 4892 (25.7%) |  |  | 1.979 | 7.237 (6.722–7.791) | < 0.001 |
 Bachelor’s degree | 625 (2.0%) | 11,609 (37.3%) | 11,555 (37.2%) | 7309 (23.5%) |  |  | 1.534 | 4.635 (4.313–4.981) | < 0.001 |
 Master’s degree or above | 28 (1.0%) | 988 (35.9%) | 1193 (43.3%) | 546 (19.8%) |  |  | 0.633 | 1.883 (1.688–2.100) | < 0.001 |
Occupation | |||||||||
 Worker | 124 (1.2%) | 2493 (24.9%) | 5383 (53.8%) | 2001 (20.0%) | 3835.299 | < 0.001 | Referent | 1.0 | – |
 Farmer | 59 (1.6%) | 814 (22.5%) | 1392 (38.5%) | 1350 (37.3%) |  |  | 0.440 | 1.552 (1.429–1.686) | < 0.001 |
 Soldier | 50 (1.0%) | 1179 (22.4%) | 2932 (55.7%) | 1101 (20.9%) |  |  | 0.177 | 1.194 (1.109–1.286) | 0.005 |
 Medical staff | 375 (4.1%) | 2421 (26.5%) | 3400 (37.1%) | 2957 (32.3%) |  |  | 1.059 | 2.883 (2.670–3.113) | < 0.001 |
 Teacher | 76 (1.0%) | 3403 (46.0%) | 2545 (34.4%) | 1372 (18.6%) |  |  | – | – | > 0.05 |
 Cadre | 71 (1.9%) | 1576 (41.7%) | 1525 (40.4%) | 605 (16.0%) |  |  | −0.394 | 0.675 (0.618–0.737) | < 0.001 |
 White collar | 653 (5.4%) | 4478 (37.0%) | 4297 (35.5%) | 2678 (22.1%) |  |  | 0.276 | 1.317 (1.245–1.394) | < 0.001 |
 Other | 114 (1.3%) | 3630 (40.8%) | 3369 (37.9%) | 1776 (20.0%) |  |  | – | – | > 0.05 |
Family structure in childhood | |||||||||
 Two parents | 968 (2.3%) | 14,648 (34.8%) | 17,504 (41.6%) | 8996 (21.4%) | 525.993 | < 0.001 | Referent | 1.0 | – |
 One parent | 447 (4.2%) | 2896 (27.0%) | 4306 (40.1%) | 3093 (28.8%) |  |  | −0.146 | 0.864 (0.814–0.917) | < 0.001 |
 Other | 107 (1.5%) | 2450 (33.4%) | 3033 (41.3%) | 1751 (23.9%) |  |  | 0.560 | 1.750 (1.639–1.869) | < 0.001 |
Only child in the family | |||||||||
 No | 285 (2.4%) | 4200 (34.9%) | 5304 (44.0%) | 2262 (18.8%) | 158.001 | < 0.001 | Referent | 1.0 | – |
 Yes | 1237 (2.6%) | 15,794 (32.8%) | 19,539 (40.6%) | 11,578 (24.0%) |  |  | 0.075 | 1.078 (1.018–1.141) | 0.010 |
Parenting style in childhood | |||||||||
 Authoritarian | 895 (3.2%) | 10,439 (36.8%) | 10,027 (35.3%) | 7035 (24.8%) | 1902.066 | < 0.001 | Referent | 1.0 | – |
 Neglectful | 234 (9.2%) | 1092 (42.9%) | 826 (32.4%) | 394 (15.5%) |  |  | −0.293 | 0.746 (0.679–0.820) | < 0.001 |
 Permissive | 237 (1.3%) | 5182 (29.3%) | 7983 (45.1%) | 4304 (24.3%) |  |  | 0.361 | 1.434 (1.348–1.526) | < 0.001 |
 Democratic | 156 (1.4%) | 3281 (28.4%) | 6007 (52.0%) | 2107 (18.2%) |  |  | −0.244 | 0.784 (0.738–0.832) | < 0.001 |
Living with parents before the age of 10 years | |||||||||
 Yes | 748 (2.2%) | 10,945 (31.7%) | 13,526 (39.1%) | 9362 (27.1%) | 783.037 | < 0.001 | Referent | 1.0 | – |
 No | 774 (3.0%) | 9049 (35.3%) | 11,317 (44.2%) | 4478 (17.5%) |  |  | 0.077 | 1.080 (1.027–1.135) | 0.003 |
Number of close friends | |||||||||
 None | 88 (1.4%) | 1810 (29.2%) | 2474 (39.9%) | 1827 (29.5%) | 400.275 | < 0.001 | Referent | 1.0 | – |
 1–2 | 375 (1.7%) | 7434 (34.1%) | 8719 (40.0%) | 5263 (24.2%) |  |  | – | – | > 0.05 |
  > 3 | 1059 (3.3%) | 10,750 (33.4%) | 13,650 (42.4%) | 6750 (21.0%) |  |  | −0.480 | 0.619 (0.593–0.646) | < 0.001 |
The collective atmosphere in work/school | |||||||||
 Peace and tranquility | 428 (2.2%) | 4964 (25.9%) | 9005 (47.1%) | 4738 (24.8%) | 1999.006 | < 0.001 | Referent | 1.0 | – |
 Occasional quarrels | 660 (2.0%) | 13,455 (40.1%) | 12,514 (37.3%) | 6941 (20.7%) |  |  | −0.222 | 0.801 (0.766–0.837) | < 0.001 |
 Frequent quarrels | 434 (5.8%) | 1575 (21.0%) | 3324 (44.4%) | 2161 (28.8%) |  |  | 0.162 | 1.175 (1.090–1.268) | < 0.001 |
The management style of work/school | |||||||||
 Autocratic | 1180 (2.6%) | 14,087 (31.1%) | 19,777 (43.7%) | 10,226 (22.6%) | 1151.705 | < 0.001 | Referent | 1.0 | – |
 Laissez-faire | 7 (0.3%) | 1450 (61.7%) | 469 (20.0%) | 423 (18.0%) |  |  | – | – | > 0.05 |
 Democratic | 335 (2.7%) | 4457 (35.4%) | 4597 (36.5%) | 3191 (25.4%) |  |  | −0.073 | 0.930 (0.880–0.983) | 0.010 |
Marital status | |||||||||
 Unmarried | 232 (1.9%) | 4422 (35.3%) | 5210 (41.6%) | 2666 (21.3%) | 1167.223 | < 0.001 | Referent | 1.0 | – |
 Married | 766 (2.6%) | 10,175 (34.7%) | 11,779 (40.2%) | 6579 (22.5%) |  |  | 0.251 | 1.285 (1.221–1.353) | < 0.001 |
 Divorced | 295 (2.8%) | 2294 (21.5%) | 5210 (48.9%) | 2853 (26.8%) |  |  | 0.977 | 2.656 (2.491–2.833) | < 0.001 |
 Remarried | 222 (3.5%) | 2669 (42.6%) | 1922 (30.7%) | 1452 (23.2%) |  |  | 0.402 | 1.495 (1.384–1.615) | < 0.001 |
 Widowed | 7 (0.5%) | 434 (29.9%) | 722 (49.7%) | 290 (20.0%) |  |  | 0.772 | 2.164 (1.870–2.503) | < 0.001 |
Social activities of last 2 weeks | |||||||||
 0–2 | 803 (3.5%) | 6783 (29.8%) | 9699 (42.6%) | 5505 (24.2%) | 2363.756 | < 0.001 | Referent | 1.0 | – |
 3–5 | 239 (1.4%) | 4483 (26.4%) | 7459 (43.9%) | 4822 (28.4%) |  |  | 0.835 | 2.304 (2.183–2.433) | < 0.001 |
 6–8 | 66 (0.8%) | 2934 (35.1%) | 3919 (46.8%) | 1447 (17.3%) |  |  | 0.332 | 1.394 (1.305–1.488) | < 0.001 |
  > 9 | 414 (3.4%) | 5794 (48.1%) | 3766 (31.3%) | 2066 (17.2%) |  |  | −0.887 | 0.412 (0.388–0.438) | < 0.001 |
 Negative attention bias | 10.22 ± 3.44 | 11.61 ± 2.21 | 12.56 ± 3.45 | 14.01 ± 4.10 | 1725.451 | < 0.001 | 0.104 | 1.110 (1.104–1.116) | < 0.001 |
 Negative memory bias | 11.36 ± 3.45 | 11.20 ± 2.13 | 12.36 ± 3.68 | 13.10 ± 3.27 | 1100.525 | < 0.001 | 0.067 | 1.069 (1.063–1.075) | < 0.001 |
 Rumination | 5.62 ± 2.11 | 5.90 ± 1.91 | 6.99 ± 2.47 | 7.65 ± 2.74 | 1732.229 | < 0.001 | 0.126 | 1.134 (1.126–1.143) | < 0.001 |
 Confirmed growth rate | 0.42 ± 0.00 | 0.42 ± 0.08 | 0.66 ± 0.16 | 0.43 ± 0.15 | 14,648.272 | < 0.001 | – | – | > 0.05 |
 Death growth rate | 1.60 ± 0.00 | 2.46 ± 1.75 | 2.78 ± 1.06 | 2.79 ± 1.87 | 454.870 | < 0.001 | 0.133 | 1.142 (1.129–1.155) | < 0.001 |