Fig. 1

The timeline of one trial in the card-guessing task. First, a fixation was presented for 500 ms. The backs of the two playing cards were then presented for 1500 ms, and the participants were allowed to guess which card was a red card using buttons. Then, the selected card flipped over in the results phase which lasted approximately 2000 ms (“赢” refers to “win”; “输” refers to “loss”). Finally, a black screen of 500 ~ 1000 ms was presented