The validity and reliability of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 for screening depression in primary health care patients in Botswana

Table 1 Participants characteristics

Variable	Category	Frequency (N = 257)	Percentage (%)
Gender	Female	172	66.9
Gender	Male	85	33.1
Age	Mean; Median; Range	34.3; 32.0; 18–79
Age	18–24 Years	70	27.2
Age	25 and Above	187	72.8
Marital status	Single	63	24.6
	In a relationship	87	34.0
	Married	29	11.3
	Widowed	8	3.1
	Divorced	10	3.9
	Cohabiting	59	23.0
	Missing	1
Employment status	Unemployed	60	23.3
	Self Employed	35	13.6
	Part Time	9	3.5
	Casual labourer	9	3.5
	Full time Employment	125	48.6
	Student	19	7.4
Religion^a	Islam	4	1.5
	Christianity	226	87.3
	African Tradition religion	13	5.0
	Other	15	5.8
	None	1	0.4
	Missing	2
Education Level	Never went to school	6	2.3
	Primary	29	11.3
	Junior Secondary	85	33.1
	Senior Secondary	73	28.4
	Tertiary	64	24.9
Diagnosis^a	HIV	60	21.6
	Hypertension	44	15.8
	Stroke/CVA	6	2.2
	Diabetes	5	1.8
	Other	21	7.6
	None	142	51.1
	Missing	4
Diagnosis	None	142	56.1
	One	89	35.2
	Multiple/Comorbid	22	8.7
	Missing	4
Income^a	Below P600	45	17.6
	600–2399	106	41.4
	2400–4199	44	17.2
	4200–6000	23	9.0
	Above 6000	19	7.4
	Not Disclosed	19	7.4
	Missing	1
Substance Use	Alcohol	110	37.4
	Dagaa	14	4.8
	Tobacco	31	10.5
	other-Name	2	0.7
	No	137	46.6
	Missing	2
Substance Use	None	137	53.7
	One	88	34.5
	Multiple	30	11.8
	Missing	2
Relative with mental Illness	Yes	59	23.2
	No	179	70.5
	Don’t Know	16	6.3
	Missing	3
Relative with mental illness	No	195	76.8
	Yes	59	23.2
	Missing	3
History of mental illness	Yes	6	2.4
	No	249	97.6
	Missing	2
	Missing		2

^aThe numbers do not add up to 257 because the participants answered more than one option

ISSN: 1471-244X