Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics of the study sample and its association with PHQ-9 scores
|  | N (%) | PHQ-9 mean (SEM) | Group difference | Cohen’s effect size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex |  |  | P < 0.001* | 0.29 |
 Male | 4543 (49.1) | 2.14 (0.05) |  |  |
 Female | 6216 (50.9) | 3.28 (0.05) |  |  |
Age group |  |  | P < 0.001* | 0.24 |
 19–29 | 1249 (18.5) | 3.09 (0.08) |  |  |
 30–39 | 1893 (18.8) | 2.96 (0.06) |  |  |
 40–49 | 1933 (20.6) | 2.31 (0.07) |  |  |
 50–59 | 2009 (19.9) | 2.45 (0.08) |  |  |
 60–69 | 1857 (12.0) | 2.66 (0.08) |  |  |
 70–79 | 1439 (7.9) | 3.21 (0.1) |  |  |
 80+ | 379 (2.2) | 3.37 (0.21) |  |  |
Education years |  |  | P < 0.001* | 0.29 |
 6 | 2441 (15.8) | 3.57 (0.1) |  |  |
 9 | 1135 (9.2) | 2.85 (0.13) |  |  |
 12 | 3483 (37.2) | 2.66 (0.05) |  |  |
 18 | 3689 (37.8) | 2.45 (0.06) |  |  |
Employment |  |  | P < 0.001* | 0.24 |
 Yes | 6319 (62.9) | 2.39 (0.04) |  |  |
 No | 4434 (37.1) | 3.34 (0.07) |  |  |
Household income |  |  | P < 0.001* | 0.24 |
 Lowest | 2051 (15.3) | 4.18 (0.12) |  |  |
 Second | 2664 (23.9) | 2.86 (0.06) |  |  |
 Third | 3015 (30.2) | 2.39 (0.05) |  |  |
 Highest fourth | 2999 (30.6) | 2.28 (0.05) |  |  |
Habitation area |  |  | P = 0.633 | 0.02 |
 Urban | 8711 (84.3) | 2.73 (0.04) |  |  |
 Rural | 2048 (15.7) | 2.81 (0.12) |  |  |
Marital status |  |  | P < 0.001* | 0.68 |
 Married | 7677 (67.1) | 2.39 (0.04) |  |  |
 Separated | 54 (0.5) | 4.78 (0.74) |  |  |
 Widowed | 953 (6.0) | 3.83 (0.15) |  |  |
 Divorced | 419 (3.7) | 4.60 (0.22) |  |  |
 Never married | 1652 (22.7) | 3.16 (0.09) |  |  |
Cohabitation |  |  | P < 0.001* | 0.38 |
 None | 1128 (8.7) | 4.01 (0.12) |  |  |
 1 | 3179 (24.2) | 2.79 (0.07) |  |  |
 2 or more | 6452 (67.1) | 2.56 (0.04) |  |  |