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Table 3 Mean (SD) scores and ORs for the symptoms of postpartum depression according to education level

From: Education level and risk of postpartum depression: results from the Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS)

 

Highest education level

p-value for trend

≥16 years

>12–<16 years

≤12 years

(n = 19,621)

(n = 38,030)

(n = 32,543)

 

1 month

 EPDS total

  Mean (SD)

4.83 (3.26)

 

5.01 (3.39)

 

5.49 (3.86)

  

  OR (95% CI)

   Crude

1.00

––––

1.04

(1.04–1.05)

1.17

(1.16–1.18)

< .001

   Model1

1.00

––––

1.04

(1.03–1.05)

1.12

(1.11–1.13)

< .001

   Model2

1.00

––––

1.01

(1.00–1.02)

1.05

(1.04–1.07)

< .001

 EPDS anxiety

  Mean (SD)

2.79 (1.87)

 

2.88 (1.91)

 

3.08 (2.02)

  

  OR (95% CI)

   Crude

1.00

––––

1.05

(1.04–1.06)

1.16

(1.15–1.18)

< .001

   Model1

1.00

––––

1.04

(1.03–1.05)

1.10

(1.08–1.11)

< .001

   Model2

1.00

––––

1.02

(1.01–1.03)

1.05

(1.04–1.07)

< .001

 EPDS depression

  Mean (SD)

0.25 (0.80)

 

0.29 (0.88)

 

0.47 (1.16)

  

  OR (95% CI)

   Crude

1.00

––––

1.20

(1.16–1.24)

1.97

(1.91–2.04)

< .001

   Model1

1.00

––––

1.17

(1.13–1.22)

1.75

(1.69–1.81)

< .001

   Model2

1.00

––––

1.04

(1.01–1.08)

1.31

(1.26–1.36)

< .001

 EPDS anhedonia

  Mean (SD)

0.18 (0.56)

 

0.19 (0.59)

 

0.22 (0.64)

  

  OR (95% CI)

   Crude

1.00

––––

1.06

(1.02–1.11)

1.24

(1.19–1.29)

< .001

   Model1

1.00

––––

1.07

(1.02–1.11)

1.24

(1.19–1.30)

< .001

   Model2

1.00

––––

1.03

(0.98–1.07)

1.11

(1.06–1.16)

< .001

6 months

 EPDS total

  Mean (SD)

4.35 (3.19)

 

4.50 (3.32)

 

5.01 (3.97)

  

  OR (95% CI)

   Crude

1.00

––––

1.04

(1.03–1.05)

1.18

(1.17–1.19)

< .001

   Model1

1.00

––––

1.03

(1.02–1.04)

1.12

(1.11–1.14)

< .001

   Model2

1.00

––––

1.00

(0.99–1.00)

1.03

(1.02–1.04)

< .001

 EPDS anxiety

  Mean (SD)

2.53 (1.82)

 

2.61 (1.88)

 

2.82 (2.05)

  

  OR (95% CI)

   Crude

1.00

––––

1.04

(1.03–1.05)

1.16

(1.15–1.18)

< .001

   Model1

1.00

––––

1.03

(1.02–1.05)

1.10

(1.09–1.12)

< .001

   Model2

1.00

––––

1.00

(0.98–1.01)

1.02

(1.01–1.04)

< .001

 EPDS depression

  Mean (SD)

0.32 (0.92)

 

0.36 (0.99)

 

0.56 (1.34)

  

  OR (95% CI)

   Crude

1.00

––––

1.16

(1.12–1.19)

1.82

(1.76–1.88)

< .001

   Model1

1.00

––––

1.13

(1.09–1.17)

1.57

(1.52–1.63)

< .001

   Model2

1.00

––––

1.00

(0.97–1.04)

1.18

(1.14–1.23)

< .001

 EPDS anhedonia

  Mean (SD)

0.08 (0.38)

 

0.08 (0.40)

 

0.11 (0.50)

  

  OR (95% CI)

   Crude

1.00

––––

1.13

(1.06–1.20)

1.49

(1.39–1.59)

< .001

   Model1

1.00

––––

1.13

(1.06–1.21)

1.47

(1.37–1.57)

< .001

   Model2

1.00

––––

1.02

(0.96–1.09)

1.14

(1.06–1.23)

< .001

  1. The table shows the imputed data for the 90,194 mothers in the study
  2. Boldface indicates statistical significance at the level of 5%
  3. OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, EPDS Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale
  4. Crude: crude model
  5. Model 1: Partial model adjusted for physician-diagnosed history of depression, anxiety disorder, dysautonomia, and schizophrenia
  6. Model 2: Full model adjusted for all the covariates of the model 1: maternal age; body mass index; parity; smoking status; alcohol intake; physical activity; employment status; feeding method; marital status; annual household income; and passive smoking status
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BMC Psychiatry

ISSN: 1471-244X

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