Reducing inappropriate psychotropic drug use in nursing home residents with dementia: protocol for participatory action research in a stepped-wedge cluster randomized trial

Table 2 Overview of the measurement instruments

Variable	Measurement instrument	Outcome measure	Problem analysis/ feedback MPT
Inappropriate psychotropic drug use	APID	Primary outcome	Problem analysis + feedback 8 and 16 months ^a
Frequency psychotropic drug use	Retrieval from medical records	Secondary outcome	Problem analysis + feedback 8 and 16 months ^a
NPS	NPI-NH	Secondary outcome	–
NPS	CMAI	Secondary outcome	Problem analysis
QoL	EQ-VAS ^b	Secondary outcome	Problem analysis
QoL	RISE	Secondary outcome	–
Current difficulties managing NPS; NH staff	Self-designed questionnaire [digital] + semi-structured interviews for NH staff	–	Problem analysis
Current status of managing NPS and quality of care; relatives	Self-designed questionnaire for relatives	–	Problem analysis
Attitude toward new interventions	EBPAS [digital] ^c	Process evaluation	Problem analysis
Organizational culture	Questionnaire [digital] CVF scale for long-term care ^c	Process evaluation	Problem analysis
Process evaluation data model of Leontjevas et al., 2012	Self-designed questionnaire [digital] + semi-structured interview internal project leader and coach	Process evaluation	–

^aNHs who start as an intervention group receive information on psychotropic drug use at the beginning (problem assessment), 8 months (interim results) and 16 months. NHs who start as a deferred intervention group receive information on psychotropic drug use at 8- (problem assessment) and 16 months
^bEQ-VAS is administered to both nursing staff and relatives, at each measurement (0, 8, 16 months)
^cThe EBPAS + organization culture questionnaires are administered in the context of the problem assessment at 0 months (start intervention group) or 8 months (start deferred intervention group), as well as at 16 months in the context of the process evaluation
Abbreviations: APID Appropriateness of Psychotropic Prescription In Dementia, CMAI Cohen–Mansfield Agitation Inventory, CPS Cognitive Performance Scale, CVF Competing Values Framework, EBPAS Evidence-Based Practice Attitude Scale, MPT Multidisciplinary project team, NPS neuropsychiatric symptoms, NH Nursing homes, NPI-NH Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Nursing Home, QoL Quality of Life, RISE Revised Index of Social Engagement, VAS Visual analog scale

ISSN: 1471-244X