Table 1 Symptoms/behaviors exhibited or reported by care recipients (N = 27)

Hallucinations

Patient heard, saw, tasted, felt or smelled things that others did not experience

 Auditory hallucinations

Heard noises or voices or things that other people did not hear

 Visual hallucinations

Saw things other people did not see

 Tactile hallucinations

Felt things on the body other people did not feel or notice, for example people touching/hitting him/her; reported strange feelings underneath his/her skin

 Olfactory hallucinations

Smelled things other people do not seem to smell

Delusions

Patient had unusual or odd beliefs or thoughts that other people did not understand

 Referential delusions (external stimuli directed toward patient)

Had beliefs that certain things in the environment, gestures, comments, etc. were directed towards him/her; reported experiences with mind reading, psychic forces, or fortune telling

 Delusions of love

Had false beliefs that someone is in love with him/her

 Nihilistic delusions

Strongly believed that a major catastrophe will occur

 Somatic delusions

Had preoccupations with health, bodily function, organs

 Delusions of grandeur

Had beliefs of exaggerated or extreme importance, wealth, power, or goodness (e.g., saving the world, ending poverty, stopping wars)

 Delusions of grandeur

Had strong beliefs that he/she had extraordinary fame, wealth, gifts/talents, or abilities

Disorganized speech

Patient demonstrated unusual, disorganized or confused ways of speaking/thinking

 Tangentiality

Patient had trouble getting his/her point across when talking, often rambled or got off track

 Derailment, loose associations

Patient frequently switched from one topic to another during a conversation

 Incoherence, word salad

Others had trouble understanding/following what [patient] was saying

 Incoherence

Patient’s speech did not make sense

Suspiciousness/persecution

Patient was overly suspicious or felt like he/she was being persecuted

 Suspiciousness

Did not trust or was suspicious of people

 Paranoia

Felt like other people were watching or talking about him/her

 Persecutory delusion

Believed that he/she is going to be harmed or harassed

 Delusion of control

Felt that someone or something was controlling his/her ideas or thoughts

 Asociality

Withdrew from being around other people, family, or friends (e.g., did not make eye contact with others, not seem to enjoy being around others, spent a lot of time sitting or lying around much of the day)

 Amotivation

Had difficulty starting and completing activities

 Limited interest/avolition

Sit/lay around for long periods of time with limited interest in things

 Anhedonia

Seemed to have less enjoyment or pleasure in things

 Blunted affect, diminished emotional expression

Showed little emotion (feeling) or inappropriate feelings in certain situations

 Self-neglect

Had little or no interest/motivation in everyday activities, like bathing, grooming, taking care of him/herself, getting dressed, eating, etc.

 Blunted affect

Spoke in a monotone/flat voice (did not show many changes in voice, or facial expressions)

 Agitation, irritability, hostility

Seemed like he/she was feeling agitated/irritable/hostile

 Cognitive impairment

Had problems with memory, concentration/attention, organizing, planning

 Anxiety

Seemed like (or reported to you) he/she was anxious or worried

 Depression

Seemed like (or reported to you) he/she was depressed (expressed depressive thoughts/excessive sadness)

 Worry that something is wrong with mind

Worried that something is wrong with mind