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Table 1 Descriptive statistics and standardized factor loadings from the first-order confirmatory factor analysis of the 24-item revised Adolescent Sleep Hygiene Scale (ASHSr)

From: Validation of the Farsi version of the revised Adolescent Sleep Hygiene Scale (ASHSr): a cross-sectional study

 

M

SD

Range

Skew

Kurt

Λ

Physiological Factor

 After 6:00 pm, I have drinks with caffeine (e.g., cola, pop, root beer, iced tea, coffee).

3.53

0.55

1–5

0.12

−1.37

.57***

 During the hour before bedtime, I am very active (e.g., playing outside, running wrestling).

3.21

0.53

1–5

0.09

−1.33

.41**

 During the hour before bedtime, I drink >4 glasses of water (or some other liquid).

3.67

0.51

1–5

−0.06

−1.14

.16*

 I go to bed with a stomachache.

2.09

0.48

1–5

1.22

0.27

.68***

 I go to bed feeling hungry.

2.11

0.45

1–5

1.15

0.27

.61***

Behavioral Arousal Factor

 During the hour before bedtime, I do things that make me feel very awake (e.g., playing video games, watching TV, talking on the telephone).

3.28

0.50

1–5

0.18

−1.04

.60***

 I go to bed and do things in my bed that keep me awake (e.g., watching TV, reading).

3.11

0.51

1–5

0.24

−1.14

.70***

 I use my bed for things other than sleep (e.g., talking on the telephone, watching TV, playing video games, doing homework).

2.97

0.53

1–5

0.40

−1.10

.70***

Cognitive/Emotional Factor

 I go to bed and think about things I need to do.

4.33

0.48

1–5

−0.54

−0.78

.19*

 I go to bed and replay the day’s events over and over in my mind.

3.95

0.51

1–5

−0.23

−1.17

.29**

 I check my clock several times during the night.

2.89

0.52

1–5

0.50

−0.92

.43**

 During the 1 h before bedtime, things happen that make me feel strong emotions (sadness, anger, excitement).

3.27

0.53

1–5

0.24

−1.19

.51***

 I go to bed feeling upset.

2.99

0.52

1–5

0.56

−0.94

.79***

 I go to bed and worry about things at home or at school.

3.38

0.52

1–5

0.18

−1.19

.67***

Daytime Sleep Factor

 During the day, I take a nap that lasts >1 h.

3.16

0.56

1–5

0.26

−1.28

.84***

 After 6:00 pm, I take a nap.

2.01

0.45

1–5

1.44

1.15

.39**

Sleep Environment Factor

 I fall asleep while listening to loud music.

2.99

0.56

1–5

0.33

−1.30

.51***

 I fall asleep while watching TV.

2.99

0.52

1–5

0.32

−1.09

.59***

 I fall asleep in a brightly lit room (e.g., the overhead light is on).

2.34

0.50

1–5

0.92

−0.40

.56***

 I fall asleep in a room that feels too hot or too cold.

2.73

0.54

1–5

0.56

−1.06

.56***

 I fall asleep in one place and then move to another place during the night.

2.22

0.49

1–5

1.05

−0.15

.57***

Sleep Stability Factor

 During the school week, I stay up more than 1 h past my usual bedtime.

3.34

0.52

1–5

0.12

−1.24

.36**

 On weekends, I stay up more than 1 h past my usual bedtime.

4.20

0.51

1–5

−0.53

−0.90

.83***

 On weekends, I sleep in more than 1 h past my usual wake time.

4.21

0.51

1–5

−0.50

−0.92

.69***

  1. Note. Λ=Standardized factor loadings. Response choices were on a 6-point ordinal scale: 1 = never, 2 = once in a while, 3 = sometimes, 4 = quite often, 5 = frequently, if not always, 6 = always
  2. * p < .05. ** p < .01. *** p < .001
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BMC Psychiatry

ISSN: 1471-244X

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