Similar polysomnographic pattern in primary insomnia and major depression with objective insomnia: a sign of common pathophysiology?

Table 3 Modifications in polysomnographic results between the groups “Depression”, “Insomnia” and “Normative”, adjusted for age and sex

Normative (N = 30) Insomnia (N = 84) Depression (N = 95)	b_a1(ES) Group “Insomnia” vs. “Normative”	b_a2(ES) Group “Depression” vs. “Normative”	b_a3(ES) Group “Insomnia” vs. “Depression”	P-value adjusted for age and sex
SL (min)	16.67 (6.22)^a	16.69 (6.21)^a	−0.30 (4.39)	0.018
SE (%)	−15.47 (1.96)^a	−12.41 (1.96)^a	3.06 (1.38)	<0.001
SPT (min)	−51.59 (13.25)^a	−44.35 (13.22)^a	7.25 (9.35)	0.001
Duration of 1^st, 2^nd and 3^rd third of the night (min)	−17.20 (4.42)^a	−14.78 (4.41)^a	2.42 (3.12)	0.001
TST (min)	−86.17 (14.32)^a	−70.33 (14.28)^a	15.83 (10.10)	<0.001
% stage 1	0.94 (1.04)	0.88 (1.03)	−0.06 (0.73)	0.643
% stage 2	−5.67 (2.16)^a	−4.40 (2.15)	1.24 (1.52)	0.033
% SWS	−3.94 (1.52)^a	−3.41 (1.52)^a	0.52 (1.08)	0.034
% REM	−2.86 (1.21)^a	−3.36 (1.22)^a	−0.50 (0.86)	0.021
% WASO	8.14 (2.12)^a	8.87 (2.11)^a	0.73 (1.49)	0.001
REML	−0.49 (8.79)	−0.24 (8.77)	0.25 (6.21)	0.998
Cycles	−1.00 (0.18)^a	−1.00 (0.18)^a	0.00 (0.13)	<0.001
Number of awakenings	11.31 (3.43)^a	10.31 (3.43)^a	−1.00 (2.42)	0.004
			^a p < 0.05

b_a1 (ES)/b_a2 (ES): quantile regression coefficient adjusted (standard error). These coefficients are the difference of median adjusted for age and gender between “Insomnia”/"Depression” group and the “Normative”
b_a3 (ES): quantile regression coefficient adjusted (standard error). These coefficients are the difference of median adjusted for age and gender between “Insomnia” group and “Depression” group
SL sleep latency, SE sleep efficiency, SPT sleep period time, TST total sleep time, SWS slow-wave sleep, REM Rapid eye movement sleep, WASO wake after sleep onset, REML REM latency

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