Table 7 Treatment categorizations of included studies in the present meta-analysis compared to previous meta-analyses

Brom et al. [57]

Trauma desensitization

EX (TF)

–

TFCBT^a

–

EX

–

Brom et al. [57], p. 607: “The emphasis of the hypnotherapists in our study was on behavioral therapy. The goal was to bring the patient in contact with the reality of the traumatic event and to bring about a decrease in the conditioned responses triggered by the event.”

Brief psychodynamic therapy

No specific category

–

Other^b

–

Other

–

Hypnotherapy

EX (TF)

–

Other^b

–

Other

–

Devilly & Spence [60]

Cognitive-behavior trauma treatment protocol

CBT (TF) (TFCBT + EX)

–

TFCBT^a

TFCBT

CBT + EX

In vivo exposure or CBT

EMDR

EMDR (TF)

–

EMDR^a

EMDR

EMDR

EMDR

Foa et al. [42]

Stress inoculation training

CBT

Active treatment

Stress manage-ment^b

–

CBT

–

Inoculation training (Meichenbaum, 1974) includes education, muscle relaxation training, breathing retraining, role playing, covert modeling, guided self-dialogue, thought stopping (see Rothbaum et al., 2000). No instructions for exposure were included, see [42].

Prolonged exposure

PE (TF)

PE

TFCBT^a

–

EX

–

Supportive counseling

Non-bona fide (excluded)

Psych. placebo

Other therapies^b

–

–

–

Foa et al. [61]

Stress inoculation training (SIT)

CBT

Active treatment

Stress manage-ment (SM) ^b

–

CBT

–

Prolonged exposure

PE (TF)

PE

TFCBT^a

–

EX

–

Prolonged exposure + stress inoculation training

Component treatment (excluded)

PE + SIT

TFCBT^a + SM

–

–

–

Ironson et al. [62]

EMDR

EMDR (TF)

–

EMDR^a

EMDR

EMDR

–

Prolonged exposure

PE (TF)

–

TFCBT^a

TFCBT

EX

–

Lee et al. [63]

Stress inoculation training + prolonged exposure

CBT (TF) (TFCBT + EX)

–

Stress manage-ment + TFCBT^a

TFCBT

CBT + EX

–

EMDR

EMDR (TF)

–

EMDR^a

EMDR

EMDR

–

Marks et al. [64]

Cognitive restructuring

CBT (TF)

Active treatment

TFCBT^a

–

CBT

–

Prolonged exposure

PE (TF)

PE

TFCBT^a

–

EX

–

Cognitive restructuring + prolonged exposure

Component treatment (excluded)

PE + CR

TFCBT^a

–

–

–

Relaxation

Non-bona fide (excluded)

Psych. placebo

Stress manage-ment^b

–

–

–

McDonagh et al. [44]

CBT

CBT (TF) (TFCBT + EX)

PE

–

–

–

–

McDonagh et al. [44] investigated a combination of exposure therapy and cognitive restructuring and consider their treatment as CBT and as an extension of PE. Cognitive elements are not considered elements of prolonged exposure, see [42].

Problem-solving therapy

PCT

Active treatment

–

–

–

–

Paunovic & Öst [66]

CBT

CBT (TF) (TFCBT + EX)

–

TFCBT^a

–

CBT + EX

–

Exposure

EX (TF)

–

TFCBT^a

–

EX

–

Power et al. [45]

Cognitive restructuring + exposure

CBT (TF) (TFCBT + EX)

PE + CR

TFCBT^a

TFCBT

–

–

EMDR

EMDR (TF)

Active treatment

EMDR^a

EMDR

–

–

Resick et al. [68]

Cognitive processing

CBT (TF) (TFCBT + EX)

Active treatment

TFCBT^a

–

CBT + EX

–

Prolonged exposure

PE (TF)

PE

TFCBT^a

–

EX

–

Rothbaum et al. [69]

EMDR

EMDR (TF)

Active treatment

EMDR^a

EMDR

–

–

Prolonged exposure

PE (TF)

PE

TFCBT^a

TFCBT

–

–

Schnurr et al. [70]

Trauma-focused group therapy

CBT (TF) (TFCBT + EX)

–

Group TFCBT^a

–

CBT + EX

Present-centered group therapy

PCT

–

Group CBT^b

–

Supportive control condition

Schnurr et al. [71]

Present-centered therapy

PCT

Psych. placebo

–

–

–

–

Prolonged exposure

PE (TF)

PE

–

–

–

–

Tarrier et al. [72]

Cognitive therapy

CBT (TF)

–

TFCBT^a

–

CBT

–

Imaginal exposure

EX (TF)

–

TFCBT^a

–

EX

–

Taylor et al. [73]

EMDR

EMDR (TF)

Active treatment

EMDR^a

EMDR

EMDR

–

Taylor et al. [73] call one of their treatments exposure therapy; this treatment differs from prolonged exposure, see [42]. Half of the sessions were used for in vivo exposition under supervision of the therapists.

Exposure therapy

EX (TF)

PE

TFCBT^a

TFCBT

EX

–

Relaxation training

Non-bona fide (excluded)

Psych. placebo

Stress manage-ment^b

–

–