Table 2 Scores of SDQ, EMBU and CES-D in the three waves (Mean ± SD)

Child Behavior (SDQ)

Emotional symptoms

1.97 ± 1.62

1.89 ± 1.72

1.95±1.65

Externalizing problems

 Conduct

1.89 ± 1.36

1.71 ± 1.31

1.73 ± 1.41

 Hyperactivity

4.10 ± 2.10

4.18 ± 2.16

4.08 ± 2.11

Social communication

 Peer relationship

2.30 ± 1.56

2.11 ± 1.57

2.29 ± 1.55

 Prosocial behavior

6.94 ± 1.92

7.21 ± 1.94

7.06 ± 1.94

Total difficulty

10.26 ± 4.53

9.88 ± 4.58

10.07 ± 4.61

Parenting Styles (EMBU)

 Emotional warmth

52.04 ± 8.98

n/a

54.67 ± 10.60

 Excessive interference

34.68 ± 6.64

n/a

35.02 ± 6.87

 Rejection

13.26 ± 3.46

n/a

11.97 ± 2.81

 Punishment

11.45 ± 1.98

n/a

10.83 ± 1.79

Maternal Depression (CES-D)

n/a

18.34 ± 2.58

18.43 ± 2.64