Table 4 Exposure to traumatic events, by gender (N = 1242)

Lack of food or water

408 (66.67)

[61.12–71.79]

395 (62.70)

[56.51–68.49]

803 (64.65)

Unnatural death of family/friend

387 (63.24)

[56.84–69.20]

355 (56.35)

[48.21–64.16]

742 (59.74)

Combat situation

337 (55.07)

[48.78–61.19]

302 (47.94)

[42.50–53.42]

639 (51.45)

Murder of family/friend

336 (54.90)

[48.31–61.33]

280 (44.44)

[38.20–50.87]

616 (49.60)

Very ill without medical care

291 (47.55)

[42.37–52.79]

304 (48.25)

[43.96–52.57]

595 (47.91)

Lack of housing or shelter

258 (42.16)

[35.94–48.63]

229 (36.35)

[31.28–41.75]

487 (39.21)

Being close to death

230 (37.58)

[32.37–43.09]

205 (32.54)

[27.19–38.39]

435 (35.02)

Forced separation from family

181 (29.58)

[26.10–33.31]

139 (22.06)

[17.43–27.51]

320 (25.76)

Serious injury *

193 (31.54)

[26.53–37.01]

126 (20.00)

[16.64–23.85]

319 (25.68)

Tortured or beaten *

157 (25.65)

[21.54–30.25]

93 (14.76)

[11.78–18.34]

250 (20.13)

Forced isolation from others

135 (22.06)

[18.31–26.33]

98 (15.56)

[11.96–19.98]

233 (18.76)

Murder of stranger or strangers *

136 (22.22)

[19.18–25.60]

95 (15.08)

[11.83–19.04]

231 (18.60)

Forced to accept thoughts against will

92 (15.03)

[12.00–18.67]

79 (12.54)

[9.96–15.67]

171 (13.77)

Imprisonment *

107 (17.48)

[13.93–21.71]

61 (9.68)

[7.39–12.60]

168 (13.53)

Being abducted or kidnapped

59 (9.64)

[7.54–12.25]

43 (6.83)

[5.26–8.81]

102 (8.21)

Rape or sexual abuse

31 (5.07)

[3.59–7.10]

51 (8.10)

[5.85–11.11]

82 (6.60)