Table 2 Factors associated with reported severe mental distress among males and females ≥ 13 years old
| Â | All participants (N = 6663) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Â | no. with reported disturbance/total (%) | Unadjusted odds ratio [95% CI] | Adjusted odds ratio1 [95% CI] |
SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC/ECONOMIC FACTORS | Â | Â | |
Age (years) | Â | Â | Â |
| Â | Â | P = 0.002 | P < 0.001 |
< 20 | 11/2155 (0.5%) | 1 | 1 |
20-39 | 19/2410 (0.8%) | 1.58 [0.73,3.41] | 1.70 [0.78,3.70] |
40-59 | 24/1396 (1.7%) | 3.65 [1.72,7.74] | 3.94 [1.84,8.48] |
≥ 60 | 3/702 (0.4%) | 0.85 [0.23,3.13] | 0.88 [0.24,3.29] |
Sex | Â | P = 0.10 | P = 0.05 |
Male | 29/2714 (1.1%) | 1 | 1 |
Female | 28/3949 (0.7%) | 0.63 [0.37,1.09] | 0.58 [0.33,1.01] |
Ever married | Â | P = 0.09 | P = 0.87 |
Yes | 40/3971 (1.0%) | 1 | 1 |
No | 17/2690 (0.6%) | 0.61 [0.34,1.09] | 1.08 [0.43,2.74] |
Education level | Â | P = 0.76 | P = 0.77 |
Secondary/above | 12/1597 (0.8%) | 1 | 1 |
Primary | 14/1348 (1.0%) | 1.39 [0.62,3.09] | 1.30 [0.57,2.94] |
Some primary | 27/3056 (0.9%) | 1.16 [0.57,2.35] | 1.21 [0.59,2.51] |
Less than primary | 4/657 (0.6%) | 0.81 [0.25,2.59] | 0.76 [0.22,2.59] |
SES score quintile | P = 0.005 | P = 0.009 | |
Highest | 10/1476 (0.7%) | 1 | 1 |
High | 10/1457 (0.7%) | 1.00 [0.39,2.54] | 0.98 [0.38,2.53] |
Middle | 13/1366 (1.0%) | 1.37 [0.57,3.32] | 1.36 [0.55,3.36] |
Low | 5/1311 (0.4%) | 0.55 [0.18,1.68] | 0.52 [0.17,1.65] |
Lowest | 18/940 (1.9%) | 3.10 [1.34,7.18] | 2.90 [1.21,6.91] |
BEHAVIOURAL FACTORS | Â | Â | |
Current regular smoker | P = 0.008 | P = 0.13 | |
No | 48/6254 (0.8%) | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 9/407 (2.2%) | 3.18 [1.46,6.93] | 2.03 [0.84,4.91] |
Age at first sex | Â | P = 0.30 | P > 0.99 |
< 15 | 5/458 (1.1%) | 1 | 1 |
15-16 | 13/1295 (1.0%) | 0.91 [0.31,2.69] | 0.91 [0.29,2.83] |
17-18 | 15/1510 (1.0%) | 0.91 [0.31,2.65] | 0.82 [0.27,2.52] |
19+ | 11/845 (1.3%) | 1.22 [0.40,3.73] | 0.93 [0.28,3.06] |
Never had sex | 11/1974 (0.6%) | 0.50 [0.16,1.51] | 0.97 [0.21,4.51] |
Partners in past year | Â | P = 0.03 | P = 0.04 |
None | 15/1172 (1.3%) | 1.81 [0.92,3.57] | 2.00 [0.96,4.16] |
1 | 22/3055 (0.7%) | 1 | 1 |
2+ | 9/452 (2.0%) | 2.86 [1.27,6.43] | 2.62 [1.06,6.44] |
Consult traditional healer | P = 0.001 | P = 0.002 | |
No | 47/6285 (0.7%) | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 10/346 (2.9%) | 4.08 [1.94,8.58] | 3.74 [1.72,8.15] |
BIOLOGICAL FACTORS | Â | Â | |
Reported epilepsy | Â | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 |
No | 49/6634 (0.7%) | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 8/25 (32.0%) | 147.10 [31.95,677.16] | 158.75 [31.46,801.0] |
HIV serostatus | Â | P = 0.76 | P = 0.91 |
Negative | 52/6191 (0.8%) | 1 | 1 |
Positive | 4/396 (1.0%) | 1.19 [0.41,3.44] | 0.94 [0.31,2.82] |
Systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic ≥ 90 | P = 0.61 | P = 0.49 | |
No | 45/5106 (0.9%) | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 11/1488 (0.7%) | 0.84 [0.42,1.66] | 0.78 [0.38,1.59] |
Random plasma glucose ≥ 7 mmol/L | P = 0.10 | P = 0.20 | |
No | 45/5778 (0.8%) | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 4/194 (2.1%) | 2.71 [0.93,7.83] | 2.19 [0.73,6.60] |