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Table 3 Comparison of infant feeding between the TD and the ASD children in different models

From: Association of feeding patterns in infancy with later autism symptoms and neurodevelopment: a national multicentre survey

Variable

Crude Model a

Adjusted Model 1b

Adjusted Model 2c

OR (95%CI)

P

OR (95%CI)

P

OR (95%CI)

P

Breastfeeding duration, N1 = 2365, N2 = 2365, N3 = 2579

  < 6 months

1[Reference]

 

1[Reference]

 

1[Reference]

 

  ≥ 6 months and less than 12 months

0.571(0.461,0.706)

 < 0.001

0.609(0.473,0.784)

 < 0.001

0.625(0.493,0.792)

 < 0.001

  ≥ 12 months

0.568(0.462,0.698)

 < 0.001

0.599(0.469,0.764)

 < 0.001

0.607(0.486,0.757)

 < 0.001

Timing of complementary food, N1 = 2417, N2 = 2417, N3 = 2579

  > 4 months and ≤ 6 months

1[Reference]

 

1[Reference]

 

1[Reference]

 

  ≤ 4 months

0.965(0.762,1.222)

0.768

1.028(0.771,1.372)

0.850

1.054(0.815,1.364)

0.689

  > 6 months

1.743(1.428,2.128)

 < 0.001

1.410(1.109,1.792)

0.005

1.451(1.167,1.805)

0.001

Acceptance of complementary food, N1 = 2371, N2 = 2371, N3 = 2579

 Good

1[Reference]

 

1[Reference]

 

1[Reference]

 

 Fair

1.504(1.258,1.799)

 < 0.001

1.444(1.168,1.786)

0.001

1.403(1.157,1.701)

 < 0.001

 Poor

3.248(2.231,4.727)

 < 0.001

3.140(2.005,4.917)

 < 0.001

2.672(1.821,3.921)

 < 0.001

  1. ASD autism spectrum disorder, TD typically developing, OR (95% CI) odds ratio (95% confidence interval), N1 the sample of Crude Model, N2 the sample of Adjusted Model 1, N3 the sample of Adjusted Model 2
  2. a Crude model: without any adjustment
  3. b Adjusted model 1: Multivariable logistic regression was used for adjusting for the child’s age, gender, residence, annual family income, paternal education level, maternal education level, and additionally adjusting for other two infant feeding situations
  4. c Adjusted model 2: On the basis of the original data, missing demographic data were imputed, as well as 214 data on breastfeeding, 162 data on time of introduction of complementary foods, and 208 data on reception of complementary food (both ASD and TD group). Adjusted for the same covariates in Model 1 with multiple imputed data