Table 1 Baseline characteristics of veterans 18 years and older on prescription opioid therapy who were screened for cannabis via urine toxicology (2018)

Age

  < 55

36,800 (19.6)

33,040 (19.3)

3760 (23.1)

 < 0.001

 55 to 59

21,795 (11.6)

19,351 (11.3)

2444 (15.0)

 < 0.001

 60 to 64

30,897 (16.5)

27,218 (15.9)

3679 (22.6)

 < 0.001

 65 to 69

40,440 (21.5)

36,770 (21.4)

3670 (22.6)

0.001

 70 to 74

34,534 (18.4)

32,388 (18.9)

2146 (13.2)

 < 0.001

 75 to 79

11,627 (6.2)

11,222 (6.5)

405 (2.5)

 < 0.001

  >  = 80

11,681 (6.2)

11,513 (6.7)

168 (1.0)

 < 0.001

Sex

 Male

173,852 (92.6)

158,585 (92.5)

15,267 (93.8)

 < 0.001

Race

 < 0.001

 American Indian or Alaska Native

2671 (1.4)

2373 (1.4)

298 (1.8)

 Asian

831 (0.4)

765 (0.4)

66 (0.4)

 Black or African American

30,396 (16.2)

27,641 (16.1)

2755 (16.9)

 Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander

1854 (1.0)

1673 (1.0)

181 (1.1)

 White

142,128 (75.7)

130,255 (75.9)

11,873 (73.0)

 Unknown

9894 (5.3)

8795 (5.1)

1099 (6.8)

Hispanic

7389 (3.9)

6521 (3.8)

868 (5.3)

 < 0.001

Married

98,866 (52.7)

92,126 (53.7)

6740 (41.4)

 < 0.001

Marginally housed

10,126 (5.4)

8538 (5.0)

1588 (9.8)

 < 0.001

Pain diagnoses

 Back pain

123,286 (65.7)

113,185 (66.0)

10,101 (62.1)

 < 0.001

 Neck pain

38,463 (20.5)

35,071 (20.4)

3392 (20.8)

0.235

 Osteoarthritis

53,070 (28.3)

49,312 (28.8)

3758 (23.1)

 < 0.001

 Neuropathy

37,299 (19.9)

34,813 (20.3)

2486 (15.3)

 < 0.001

 Headache

27,538 (14.7)

24,488 (14.3)

3050 (18.7)

 < 0.001

Mental health

 Psychosis

7670 (4.1)

6868 (4.0)

802 (4.9)

 < 0.001

 Depression

59,786 (31.8)

54,086 (31.5)

5700 (35.0)

 < 0.001

 Bipolar

6927 (3.7)

6082 (3.5)

845 (5.2)

 < 0.001

 PTSD

44,259 (23.6)

39,768 (23.2)

4491 (27.6)

 < 0.001

 Anxiety

32,102 (17.1)

28,926 (16.9)

3176 (19.5)

 < 0.001

 Self-harm

254 (0.1)

215 (0.1)

39 (0.2)

 < 0.001

Behavioral risk factors

 Opioid use disorder

11,672 (6.2)

10,296 (6.0)

1376 (8.5)

 < 0.001

 Benzodiazepine use disorder

970 (0.5)

821 (0.5)

149 (0.9)

 < 0.001

 Hallucinogen use disorder

52 (0.0)

42 (0.0)

10 (0.1)

0.014

 Stimulant use disorder

3328 (1.8)

2785 (1.6)

543 (3.3)

 < 0.001

 Other drug use disorder

2634 (1.4)

2163 (1.3)

471 (2.9)

 < 0.001

 Alcohol use disorder or Elevated AUDIT-C^a

26,020 (13.9)

22,534 (13.1)

3486 (21.4)

 < 0.001

 Current tobacco use

45,181 (24.1)

37,667 (22.0)

7514 (46.2)

 < 0.001

Substance present in urine drug test- day of index

 Positive amphetamine lab

2877 (1.5)

2479 (1.4)

398 (2.4)

 < 0.001

 Positive benzodiazepine lab

8779 (4.7)

7736 (4.5)

1043 (6.4)

 < 0.001

 Positive cocaine lab

1095 (0.6)

841 (0.5)

254 (1.6)

 < 0.001

Mean daily morphine equivalent dose (SD)

42.86 (77.78)

42.57 (76.39)

45.92 (91.19)

 < 0.001