Authors (Years) | Country | Type of Sampling (Type of Study) | Study Population | Depression Assessment Method | Age (Mean) | Sample size | Prevalence of Depression (%) | NOS Score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tredgold, R. F. (1941)(65) | UK | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Army men | Clinical Symptoms (Interviews) | – | 274 | 70 (25.54%) | 6 |
Helzer, J. E. et al. (1976) (66) | USA | Random Sampling (CS) | Army men | Clinical Symptoms (Interviews) | – | 470 | 122 (26%) | 7 |
Levine, M. E. (1982) (67) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Army men | Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) | 17 | 200 | 36 (18%) | 6 |
Deeken, M. G. et al. (1987) (68) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Army men | Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale | – | 298 | 47 (15.77%) | 7 |
Ritchie, E. C. et al. (1992) (69) | USA | Random Sampling (CS) | Army men with HIV | Clinical Symptoms (Interviews) DSM-III-R | – | 50 | 21 (42%) | 7 |
Brown, G. R. et al. (1993) (70) | USA | Random Sampling (CS) | Air Forces men with HIV | Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Anxiety and Depression Scales (SIGH-AD) | 35 | 442 | 99 (22.4%) | 8 |
McCarroll, J. E. et al. (1993) (71) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Army men and women | Clinical Symptoms (Interviews) | 25.4 | 1835 | 87 (4.7%) | 8 |
Male(1565) | 59 (3.8%) | |||||||
Female(270) | 52 (19.3%) | |||||||
Perconte, S. T. et al. (1993) (72) | Russia | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Army men and women | Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) | 29.25 | 591 | 146 (24.70%) | 7 |
Serfaty, E. et al. (1995) (73) | Argentina | Random Sampling (CS) | Army men and women | NR | NR | 553 | 25 (4.5%) | 7 |
Lish, J. D. et al. (1996) (74) | USA | Random Sampling (CS) | Army men and women | Brief self-report questionnaire (SCRENNER) | 21.2 | 669 | 38 (5.81%) | 7 |
Long, N. et al. (1996) (75) | New Zealand | Random Sampling (CS) | Army men | Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) | 50 | 751 | 11 (1.46%) | 7 |
Schwartz, D. A. et al. (1997) (76) | USA | Random Sampling (CS) | Non-Persian Gulf War (PGW) military personnel | Self-report | – | 923 | 157 (17%) | 6 |
Schwartz, D. A. et al. (1997) (76) | USA | Random Sampling (CS) | Persian Gulf War (PGW) military personnel | Self-report | – | 923 | 99 (10.9%) | 6 |
David, D. et al. (1999) (77) | Croatia | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Veterans after participation in Homeland War in Croatia | The Structured Clinical Interview Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (SCID) | 36.2 | 91 | 35 (38.5%) | 7 |
Hankin, C. S. et al. (1999) (78) | USA | Random Sampling (CS) | Men Veterans | Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D Scale) | 62 | 2160 | 676 (31.3%) | 7 |
Hourani, L. L. et al. (1999) (79) | USA | Random Sampling (CS) | Men and Women in the Navy and Marine Corps | Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D Scale) | 20–64 | 782 | 125 (16.08%) | 7 |
Male (321) | 29 (9%) | |||||||
Female (452) | 99 (22%) | |||||||
Curran, G. M. et al. (2000) (80) | USA | Random Sampling (CS) | Men Veterans | (Beck Depression Inventory)BDI( | 43 | 298 | 116 (39%) | 7 |
Menon, A. S. et al. (2000) (81) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Men Veterans | The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID-III-R) | 55 | 295 | 59 (22.8%) | 6 |
Kozaric-Kovacic, D. et al. (2001) (82) | Croatia | Random Sampling (CS) | Men Veterans | The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) | 34 | 249 | 77 (31%) | 7 |
Sayar, K. et al. (2001) (83) | Turkey | Random Sampling (CS) | Men Soldiers | (Beck Depression Inventory)BDI( | 22.7 | 40 | 13 (32.5%) | 7 |
Hunter, C. L.et al. (2002)(84) | USA | Random Sampling (CS) | Active Duty | The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) (the self-report version of the PRIME-MD) | 54.15 | 337 | 19 (5.6%) | 7 |
Karel, M. J. et al. (2002)(85) | USA | Random Sampling (Survey Study) | Men Veterans | The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)- 15 item | 69.7 | 967 | 236 (24.4%) | 7 |
Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS)-24 item | 69.7 | 967 | 94 (9.7%) | |||||
Kilbourne, A. M. et al. (2002)(86) | USA | Random Sampling (CS) | Veterans with HIV infection | The 10-item Centers for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) | 49 | 881 | 405 (46%) | 7 |
Lehman, C. L. et al. (2002)(87) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Veterans with Hepatitis C | The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) | 49 | 120 | 53 (44.2%) | 6 |
Muir, A. J. et al. (2002)(88) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Veterans with Hepatitis C | The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale | 47.3 | 100 | 12 (12%) | 6 |
Nguyen, H. A. et al. (2002)(89) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Veterans with Hepatitis C | Clinical Symptoms (Interviews) | 46.5 | 118 | 73 (62%) | 6 |
Black, D. W. et al. (2004)(90) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Veterans | Clinical Symptoms (Interviews) DSM-III-R | 39.3 | 602 | 192 (32%) | 6 |
Gerson, S. et al. (2004) (91) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Elderly veterans (Male) | Mental Health Inventory (MHI) | 69.6 | 839 | 273 (32.5%) | 8 |
Rowan, P. J. et al. (2004)(92) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Veterans with Hepatitis C | The Zung Self-report Depression Scale (SDS) | 51 | 580 | 93 (16%) | 7 |
Smith, T. C. et al. (2004)(93) | USA | Random Sampling (CS) | US Military | The PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) | 55 | 8893 | 1642 (18.5%) | 8 |
Vafaee, B.et al. (2004)(94) | Iran | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Disabled veterans male | The Zung Self-report Depression Scale (SDS) | 38 | 100 | 71 (71%) | 5 |
Forman-Hoffman, V. L. et al. (2005) (95) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Veterans | Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID-IV) | 39.1 | 602 | 85 (14.11%) | 6 |
Goulet, J. L. et al. (2005)(96) | USA | Convenience Sampling (Re) | Veterans with HIV | – | 47.1 | 20,627 | 5776 (28%) | 7 |
Veterans with Hepatitis C | – | 46.9 | 4489 | 1975 (44%) | ||||
Rowan, P. J. et al. (2005)(97) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Veterans with Hepatitis C | The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) | 52 | 62 | 6 (10%) | 5 |
Williams, R. M. et al. (2005)(98) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Veterans with Multiple sclerosis | The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) | 55.1 | 451 | 100 (22.2%) | 7 |
Xiong, H. et al. (2005)(99) | China | Random Sampling (CS) | Young adult males during their 8 week field military training | The Zung Self-report Depression Scale (SDS) | 20 | 1107 | 279 (25.2%) | 6 |
Grieger, T. A. et al. (2006)(100) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | U.S. soldiers were injured in combat | The nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire depression scale | 26.94 | 301 | 28 (9.3%) | 5 |
Hoge, C. W. et al. (2006)(101) | USA | Random Sampling (CS) | Army soldiers and Marines | The PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) | 31.2 | 303,905 | 15,930 (5.24%) | 8 |
Kress, A. M. et al. (2006)(102) | USA | Random Sampling (CS) | U.S. Military personnel | Burnam Screen | – | 4227 | 844 (20%) | 8 |
Pflanz, S. E. et al. (2006)(103) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Military Personnel | Depression Checklist | 28.7 | 780 | 141 (18%) | 7 |
Dove, M. B. et al. (2007)(104) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Women Entering a Military Substance Use Disorder | Depression Checklist | – | 86 | 67 (78%) | 5 |
Kolkow, T. T. et al. (2007)(105) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Army soldiers | The PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) | 34.30 | 100 | 5 (5%) | 5 |
Warner, C. M. et al. (2007)(106) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Military Personnel | The PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) | 20.9 | 1090 | 173 (15.9%) | 6 |
Male | 20.9 | 955 | 143 (15%) | |||||
Female | 21 | 135 | 30 (22.2%) | |||||
Hoge, C. W. et al. (2008) (107) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Army individual | The PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) | – | 1885 | 275 (15%) | 6 |
Marine individual | 775 | 114 (14.7%) | ||||||
Iversen, A. C. et al. (2009)(108) | UK | Random Sampling (CS) | UK military personnel in service at the time of the 2003 Iraq War | The PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) | 35 | 821 | 223 (27.2%) | 8 |
Kline, A. et al. (2009)(109) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Vietnam veterans with Substance Use Disorder | SCID DSM-IV Diagnoses | 55.20 | 82 | 39 (47.9%) | 8 |
Post-Vietnam veterans with Substance Use Disorder | 46.76 | 236 | 131 (55.4%) | |||||
Persian Gulf veterans with Substance Use Disorder | 34 | 55 | 33 (59.5%) | |||||
Rehn, L. M. et al. (2009)(110) | Finland | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Male Finnish military conscripts | The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) | 20 | 126 | 4 (3.2%) | 6 |
Rukskul, I. et al. (2009) (111) | Thailand | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Thai army personnel | Clinical Symptoms (Interviews) | 45 | 1729 | 186 (10.75%) | 5 |
Rukskul, I. (2010)(112) | Thailand | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Thai army personnel | Clinical Symptoms (Interviews) | 45 | 213 | 7 (3.3%) | 5 |
Fikretoglu, D. et al. (2010)(113) | Canada | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Canadian Community Health Survey-Canadian Forces KlineKline(CCHS-CF) | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) | – | 8441 | 1257 (14.9%) | 8 |
Haskell, S. G. et al. (2010)(114) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | War Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan | Clinical Symptoms (Interviews) | 32 | Total (1229) | 472 (38.4%) | 7 |
32 | Male (1032) | 380 (36.8%) | ||||||
30 | Female (197) | 92 (46.7%) | ||||||
Luxton, D. D. et al. (2010)(115) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Active duty Soldiers between March 2006 and July 2009. | The PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) | 27.37 | Total (6943) | 704 (10.1%) | 7 |
Male (6427) | 646 (10.0%) | |||||||
Female (516) | 58 (46.7%) | |||||||
Maguen, S. et al. (2010)(116) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Enrolled in Veterans Affairs Health Care | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) | 31.21 | Total (329049) | 57,051 (17.33%) | 8 |
31.47 | Male (288348) | 47,876 (17%) | ||||||
29.41 | Female (40701) | 9175 (23%) | ||||||
Stecker, T. et al. (2010)(117) | Lebanon | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Iraq/Afghanistan veterans | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) | 34.4 | 293,861 | 36,900 (12.5%) | 6 |
Iraq/Afghanistan Veterans with Alcohol Use Disorder | 118,332 | 4568 (3.8%) | ||||||
Burnett-Zeigler, I. et al. (2011)(118) | USA | Random Sampling (CS) | Afghanistan and Iraq Veterans | The PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) | – | 362 | 64 (17.6%) | 7 |
Iraq/Afghanistan Veterans with Alcohol Use Disorder | 200 | 72 (36%) | ||||||
Erbes, C. R. et al. (2011)(119) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | National Guard/Reserve veterans returning from Iraq | The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) | 31.60 | 617 | 83 (13.5%) | 7 |
Guerra, V. S. et al. (2011)(120) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Veterans in Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) | The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation Scale for Suicide Ideation-Adapted | 38.3 | 393 | 88 (22.4%) | 8 |
Jakupcak, M. et al. (2011)(121) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Iraq and Afghanistan War Veterans in the U.S | The PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) | 31 | 336 | 126 (37.5%) | 7 |
Kehle, S. M. et al. (2011)(122) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Soldiers from a National Guard Brigade Combat Team (BCT) | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) | 31.30 | Total (348) | 51 (15%) | 7 |
Male (304) | 39 (13%) | |||||||
Female (44) | 12 (27%) | |||||||
Alcohol use disorders | 348 | 45 (13%) | ||||||
Substance use disorders | 348 | 4 (1%) | ||||||
Garber, B. G. et al. (2012)(123) | Canada | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Canadian Forces Members While on Deployment to Afghanistan | The PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) | – | 1572 | 73 (4.7%) | 5 |
Maguen, S. et al. (2012)(124) | USA | Convenience Sampling (Re) | Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans | The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) | 45 | Total (74493) | 41,424 (56%) | 7 |
Male (67238) | 36,359 (54%) | |||||||
Female (7255) | 5065 (70%) | |||||||
Vasterling, J. J. et al. (2012)(125) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Iraq-deployed US Army soldiers | The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) | 25.1 | 760 | 238 (31.3%) | 7 |
Cohen, S. I. et al. (2013)(126) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | US military veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan | The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) | – | 93 | 44 (47.3%) | 6 |
Harbertson, J. et al. (2013)(127) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Male Rwanda Defense Forces military personnel | The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) | 30.9 | 1238 | 232 (22.1%) | 7 |
546 | 129 (23.7%) | |||||||
Alcohol Use Disorder | ||||||||
Marshall, B. D. et al. (2013)(128) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Ohio Army National Guard Soldiers | The PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) | – | 2117 | 128 (6%) | 7 |
142 | 17 (12%) | |||||||
Soldiers with HIV | ||||||||
Morrow, C. E. et al. (2013)(129) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | U.S. Air Force | The PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) | 30.35 | 194 | 3 (1.6%) | 5 |
Swinkels, C. M. et al. (2013)(130) | UK | Convenience Sampling (CS) | U.S. Afghanistan/Iraq Veterans | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) | 37.40 | 1640 | 308 (18.8%) | 6 |
Chapman, P. L. et al. (2014)(131) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | U.S. Army Combat Medics | The PRIME-MD Patient HealthQuestionnaire (PHQ) | 43.54 | 543 | 73 (13.4%) | 6 |
Clarke-Walper, K. et al. (2014)(132) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Soldiers who returned from Iraq or Afghanistan | The PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) | – | 7849 | 611 (8.1%) | 7 |
2328 | 304 (13.1%) | |||||||
Alcohol use | ||||||||
Curry, J. F. et al. (2014)(133) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Veterans | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) | 37.48 | Total (1700) | 652 (38.4%) | 7 |
Male (1354) | 491 (36.3%) | |||||||
Female (346) | 161 (46.5%) | |||||||
Veterans with alcohol use | 623 | 72 (11.6%) | ||||||
Veterans with substance use | 154 | 7 (4.5%) | ||||||
Denneson, L. M. et al. (2014)(134) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans | The PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) | – | 465 | 237 (51%) | 7 |
Don Richardson, J. et al. (2014)(135) | Canada | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Canadian Forces members and veterans | The PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) | – | 404 | 316 (78.2%) | 7 |
Garber, B. G. et al. (2014)(136) | Canada | Random Sampling (CS) | Canadian armed forces personnel | The PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) | – | 16,153 | 593 (3.67%) | 8 |
Heltemes, K. J. et al. (2014)(137) | USA | Random Sampling (CS) | Injured veterans | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) | 22.5 | 812 | 146 (18%) | 6 |
Lehavot, K. et al. (2014)(138) | USA | Random Sampling (CS) | Sexual Minority and Heterosexual Women Veterans | The PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) | 48 | 697 | 260 (37.3%) | 7 |
Ramsawh, H. J. et al. (2014)(139) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Active Duty Military Personnel | 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale | 35 | 5461 | 1914 (35%) | 8 |
Bin Zubair, U. et al. (2015)(140) | Pakistan | Random Sampling (CS) | All military recruits were men and above the age of 17 years. | The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) | 20 | 313 | 159 (50.7%) | 7 |
Cleveland, S. D. et al. (2015)(141) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Veterans and Civilian College Students | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) | – | 26,969 | 7982 (30.17%) | 8 |
Foote, C. E. et al. (2015)(142) | USA | Random Sampling (CS) | Vietnam veterans | The PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) | – | 247 | 44 (17.8%) | 7 |
Hamilton, A. B. et al. (2015) (143) | USA | Random Sampling (CS) | Employed Women Veterans | The five-question Mental Health Inventory (MHI-5) | – | 1410 | 120 (4.1%) | 7 |
195 | 42 (27.3%) | |||||||
Unemployed Women Veterans | ||||||||
Hoerster, K. D. et al. (2015)(144) | USA | Random Sampling (CS) | Iraq and Afghanistan veterans | The PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) | 31.3 | 332 | 53 (16.3%) | 7 |
Kim, N. Y. et al. (2015) (145) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Korean Soldiers | Scale for suicide ideation (SSI), The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) | 21.3 | 414 | 21 (5%) | 6 |
Lundin, A. et al. (2015)(146) | Sweden | Random Sampling (CS) | Vietnam veterans | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) | – | 4251 | 1263 (29.7%) | 7 |
McGuire, A. et al. (2015)(147) | UK | Random Sampling (CS) | Australian Defense Force (ADF men) | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) | 50 | 4091 | 454(11%) | 7 |
Department of Veterans’ Affairs (DVA women) | 4761 | 869 (18.3%) | ||||||
Mysliwiec, V. et al. (2015)(148) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | U.S. Military Personnel | Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS) | 36.2 | 58 | 30 (51.7%) | 7 |
Nasioudis, D. et al. (2015)(149) | Greece | Random Sampling (CS) | Greek military medicine cadets | The Zung Self-report Depression Scale (SDS) | 19.84 | Total (146) | 57 (39%) | 7 |
Male (91) | 36 (39.5%) | |||||||
Female (55) | 21 (38.2%) | |||||||
Vanderploeg, R. D. et al. (2015) (150) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Florida National Guard Members | The PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) | – | 3098 | 63 (2%) | 7 |
Fink, D. S. et al. (2016) (151) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | U.S. Army National Guard soldiers | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) | 44 | 671 | 154 (23%) | 8 |
Forbes, D. et al. (2016)(152) | Australia | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Australian peacekeepers | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) | 46.5 | 2050 | 201 (9.8%) | 8 |
Guloglu, B. et al. (2016)(153) | Turkey | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Turkish combat-injurednon-professional veterans | The Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) | 40 | 336 | 55 (16.4%) | 7 |
Hardos, J. E. et al. (2016) (154) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Aircraft Maintenance Workers | The PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) | 29 | 4801 | 1042 (21.7%) | 7 |
Herberman Mash, H. B. et al. (2016)(155) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | U.S. Army soldiers | The 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale | – | 3813 | 1368 (35.8%) | 8 |
U.S. Army soldiers with alcohol use | 1210 | 583 (48.18%) | ||||||
Monteith, L. L. et al. (2016)(156) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Veterans | Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSS), Multidimensional Suicide Inventory-28 (MSI) Negative Affect scale | 49.6 | Total (354) | 169 (47.7%) | 8 |
Male (310) | 146 (47.1%) | |||||||
Female (44) | 32 (52.3%) | |||||||
Phillips, K. M. et al. (2016)(157) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Iraq- and Afghanistan-era Veterans | 20-item, self-report Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) | 35.1 | 359 | 108 (30%) | 6 |
Zamorski, M. A. et al. (2016)(158) | Canada | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Canadian Armed Forces | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) | – | 5120 | 410 (8%) | 7 |
Boakye, E. A. et al. (2017)(159) | USA | Random Sampling (CS) | Veterans | Self-Report | 40 | 144 | 48 (33.3%) | 7 |
Veterans with alcohol use | 75 | 24 (32%) | ||||||
Cohen, G. H. et al. (2017)(160) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Army National Guard Soldiers | The PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), The PHQ-9 Item | – | 1582 | 164 (10.3%) | 8 |
Army National with Alcohol Use | 93 | 27 (29%) | ||||||
Gradus, J. L. et al. (2017)(161) | USA | Random Sampling (CS) | Veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars | 20-item, self-report Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), The 4-item Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Short Form (SBQ-SF) | 34 | Total (2244) | 712 (31.7%) | 7 |
Male (1062) | 314 (29.5%) | |||||||
Female (1099) | 398 (36.3%) | |||||||
Packnett, E. R. et al. (2017)(162) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Army | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) | – | 34,487 | 1777 (5.1%) | 8 |
Navy | 6602 | 263 (4%) | ||||||
Marine Corps | 8428 | 113 (1.3%) | ||||||
Air Force | 9510 | 729 (7.6%) | ||||||
Weeks, M. et al. (2017)(163) | Canada | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Canadian Military and Civilian Populations | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) | 35 | 6696 | 536 (8%) | 8 |
Bartlett, B. A. et al. (2018)(164) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Military veterans | 20-item, self-report Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) | 38.40 | 910 | 75 (9.8%) | 6 |
Blakey, S. M. et al. (2018)(165) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | U.S. veterans, active duty personnel, and National Guard and Reserve members | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) | 37.8 | 667 | 169 (25.3%) | 7 |
Boulos, D. et al. (2018)(166) | Canada | Random Sampling (CS) | Regular Force personnel | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) | – | 3385 | 129 (3.8%) | 7 |
Reserve Force personnel | 1469 | 55 (3.7%) | ||||||
Dillon, K. H. et al. (2018)(167) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans | The Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSS), The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR (SCID) | – | 3238 | 1315 (40.6%) | 7 |
Don Richardson, J. et al. (2018)(168) | Canada | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Canadian Armed Forces members and veterans | The PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) | 44.6 | 522 | 413 (79.1%) | 7 |
Elbogen, E. B. et al. (2018)(169) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) | 34.9 | 1172 | 375 (32%) | 6 |
Hourani, L. L. et al. (2018)(170) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Active duty military personnel | The PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), Checklist | – | 947 | 115 (15.4%) | 7 |
Kizilhan, J. I. et al. (2018)(171) | Iraq | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Child soldiers | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) | 12.6 | 81 | 37 (45.6%) | 6 |
McDonald, S. D. et al. (2018)(172) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs outpatients | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) | 58.1 | 280 | 53 (19%) | 7 |
Stefanovics, E. A. et al. (2018)(173) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | US Veterans | The Patient Health Questionnaire-4 | 59 | 3122 | 209 (6.7%) | 7 |
Vun, E. et al. (2018)(174) | Canada | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Canadian Armed Forces active personnel | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) | 35.4 | 6696 | 517 (8%) | 8 |
Waitzkin, H. et al. (2018)(175) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Military Personnel | The PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) | – | 198 | 143 (72%) | 7 |
Byrne, S. P. et al. (2019)(176) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | U.S. military veterans | The PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) | 53.4 | 158 | 62 (34.7%) | 7 |
Carney, B. et al. (2019)(177) | USA | Random Sampling (CS) | US Military population with HIV infection | 20- item, self-report Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) | 32 | 662 | 114 (17.2%) | 8 |
Jones, N. et al. (2019)(178) | UK | Random Sampling (CS) | UK Armed Forces | The PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) | – | Total (1448) | 110 (7.6%) | 6 |
Male (1229) | 93 (7.7%) | |||||||
Female (219) | 17 (7.9%) | |||||||
Lucas, C. L. et al. (2019)(179) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Military Personnel | The PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) | – | Total (1980) | 660 (37.9%) | 7 |
Male (1665) | 530 (36.2%) | |||||||
Female (315) | 130 (46.8%) | |||||||
Nichter, B. et al. (2019)(180) | USA | Random Sampling (CS) | U.S. veteran population | The Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4), The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) | 60.3 | 2732 | 201 (7.3%) | 9 |
Start, A. R. et al. (2019)(181) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Military Personnel | The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) | – | 944 | 72 (7.6%) | 7 |
Blosnich, J. R. et al. (2020)(182) | USA | Random Sampling (CS) | Military Veterans | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) | – | 293,872 | 45,391 (15.4%) | 9 |
Forys-Donahue, K. L. et al. (2020)(183) | USA | Random Sampling (CS) | US Army population | The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) | – | 7043 | 774 (11%) | 6 |
Gjerstad, C. L. et al. (2020)(184) | Norway | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Norwegian Peacekeepers | The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) | 30 | 10,450 | 417 (4%) | 8 |
Groll, D. L. et al. (2020)(185) | Canada | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Canadian military persons | The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) | – | 477 | 61 (12.8%) | 8 |
Gross, G. M. et al. (2020)(186) | USA | Random Sampling (CS) | U.S. veteran population | The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) | 35 | Total (650) | 306 (47%) | 7 |
Male (498) | 192 (38.6%) | |||||||
Female (352) | 114 (32.4%) | |||||||
Shim, E. J. et al. (2020)(187) | Korea | Random Sampling (CS) | Korean military population | The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Plus (MINI-Plus), The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) | 50.6 | 1937 | 162 (8.4%) | 8 |
Smigelsky, M. A. et al. (2020)(188) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | U.S. military population | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) | 37.6 | 1002 | 210 (21%) | 6 |
Smith, L. M. et al. (2020)(189) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | U.S. Air Force Basic Military Training | The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) | – | 85 | 20 (23.5%) | 5 |
Stefanovics, E. A. et al. (2020)(190) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | U.S. Military Veterans | The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) | 55 | 1308 | 340 (30%) | 5 |
Taillieu, T. L. et al. (2020)(191) | Canada | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Canadian Armed Forces | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) | – | 6447 | 1006(15.6%) | 5 |
Wang, J. et al. (2020)(192) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | U.S. Reserve and National Guard Personnel | The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) | 34.4 | 3503 | 86 (2.5%) | 6 |
Ursano, R. J. et al. (2020)(193) | USA | Convenience Sampling (CS) | US Army Soldiers During Deployment in Afghanistan | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) | – | 3957 | 173 (4.1%) | 7 |
Yeom, C. W. et al. (2020)(194) | Korea | Convenience Sampling (CS) | Korean military personal | The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Plus (MINI-Plus Suicidality module), The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) | 21.4 | 480 | 27(5.6%) | 6 |