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Table 1 The study characteristics of included studies about depression

From: The global prevalence of depression, suicide ideation, and attempts in the military forces: a systematic review and Meta-analysis of cross sectional studies

Authors (Years)

Country

Type of Sampling (Type of Study)

Study Population

Depression Assessment Method

Age (Mean)

Sample size

Prevalence of Depression (%)

NOS Score

Tredgold, R. F. (1941)(65)

UK

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Army men

Clinical Symptoms (Interviews)

–

274

70 (25.54%)

6

Helzer, J. E. et al. (1976) (66)

USA

Random Sampling (CS)

Army men

Clinical Symptoms (Interviews)

–

470

122 (26%)

7

Levine, M. E. (1982) (67)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Army men

Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)

17

200

36 (18%)

6

Deeken, M. G. et al. (1987) (68)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Army men

Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale

–

298

47 (15.77%)

7

Ritchie, E. C. et al. (1992) (69)

USA

Random Sampling (CS)

Army men with HIV

Clinical Symptoms (Interviews) DSM-III-R

–

50

21 (42%)

7

Brown, G. R. et al. (1993) (70)

USA

Random Sampling (CS)

Air Forces men with HIV

Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Anxiety and Depression Scales (SIGH-AD)

35

442

99 (22.4%)

8

McCarroll, J. E. et al. (1993) (71)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Army men and women

Clinical Symptoms (Interviews)

25.4

1835

87 (4.7%)

8

Male(1565)

59 (3.8%)

Female(270)

52 (19.3%)

Perconte, S. T. et al. (1993) (72)

Russia

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Army men and women

Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)

29.25

591

146 (24.70%)

7

Serfaty, E. et al. (1995) (73)

Argentina

Random Sampling (CS)

Army men and women

NR

NR

553

25 (4.5%)

7

Lish, J. D. et al. (1996) (74)

USA

Random Sampling (CS)

Army men and women

Brief self-report questionnaire (SCRENNER)

21.2

669

38 (5.81%)

7

Long, N. et al. (1996) (75)

New Zealand

Random Sampling (CS)

Army men

Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)

50

751

11 (1.46%)

7

Schwartz, D. A. et al. (1997) (76)

USA

Random Sampling (CS)

Non-Persian Gulf War (PGW) military personnel

Self-report

–

923

157 (17%)

6

Schwartz, D. A. et al. (1997) (76)

USA

Random Sampling (CS)

Persian Gulf War (PGW) military personnel

Self-report

–

923

99 (10.9%)

6

David, D. et al. (1999) (77)

Croatia

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Veterans after participation in Homeland War in Croatia

The Structured Clinical Interview Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (SCID)

36.2

91

35 (38.5%)

7

Hankin, C. S. et al. (1999) (78)

USA

Random Sampling (CS)

Men Veterans

Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D Scale)

62

2160

676 (31.3%)

7

Hourani, L. L. et al. (1999) (79)

USA

Random Sampling (CS)

Men and Women in the Navy and Marine Corps

Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D Scale)

20–64

782

125 (16.08%)

7

Male (321)

29 (9%)

Female (452)

99 (22%)

Curran, G. M. et al. (2000) (80)

USA

Random Sampling (CS)

Men Veterans

(Beck Depression Inventory)BDI(

43

298

116 (39%)

7

Menon, A. S. et al. (2000) (81)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Men Veterans

The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID-III-R)

55

295

59 (22.8%)

6

Kozaric-Kovacic, D. et al. (2001) (82)

Croatia

Random Sampling (CS)

Men Veterans

The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD)

34

249

77 (31%)

7

Sayar, K. et al. (2001) (83)

Turkey

Random Sampling (CS)

Men Soldiers

(Beck Depression Inventory)BDI(

22.7

40

13 (32.5%)

7

Hunter, C. L.et al. (2002)(84)

USA

Random Sampling (CS)

Active Duty

The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) (the self-report version of the PRIME-MD)

54.15

337

19 (5.6%)

7

Karel, M. J. et al. (2002)(85)

USA

Random Sampling (Survey Study)

Men Veterans

The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)- 15 item

69.7

967

236 (24.4%)

7

Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS)-24 item

69.7

967

94 (9.7%)

Kilbourne, A. M. et al. (2002)(86)

USA

Random Sampling (CS)

Veterans with HIV infection

The 10-item Centers for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)

49

881

405 (46%)

7

Lehman, C. L. et al. (2002)(87)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Veterans with Hepatitis C

The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)

49

120

53 (44.2%)

6

Muir, A. J. et al. (2002)(88)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Veterans with Hepatitis C

The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale

47.3

100

12 (12%)

6

Nguyen, H. A. et al. (2002)(89)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Veterans with Hepatitis C

Clinical Symptoms (Interviews)

46.5

118

73 (62%)

6

Black, D. W. et al. (2004)(90)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Veterans

Clinical Symptoms (Interviews) DSM-III-R

39.3

602

192 (32%)

6

Gerson, S. et al. (2004) (91)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Elderly veterans (Male)

Mental Health Inventory (MHI)

69.6

839

273 (32.5%)

8

Rowan, P. J. et al. (2004)(92)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Veterans with Hepatitis C

The Zung Self-report Depression Scale (SDS)

51

580

93 (16%)

7

Smith, T. C. et al. (2004)(93)

USA

Random Sampling (CS)

US Military

The PRIME-MD

Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)

55

8893

1642 (18.5%)

8

Vafaee, B.et al. (2004)(94)

Iran

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Disabled veterans male

The Zung Self-report Depression Scale (SDS)

38

100

71 (71%)

5

Forman-Hoffman, V. L. et al. (2005) (95)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Veterans

Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID-IV)

39.1

602

85 (14.11%)

6

Goulet, J. L. et al. (2005)(96)

USA

Convenience Sampling (Re)

Veterans with HIV

–

47.1

20,627

5776 (28%)

7

Veterans with Hepatitis C

–

46.9

4489

1975 (44%)

Rowan, P. J. et al. (2005)(97)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Veterans with Hepatitis C

The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)

52

62

6 (10%)

5

Williams, R. M. et al. (2005)(98)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Veterans with Multiple sclerosis

The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)

55.1

451

100 (22.2%)

7

Xiong, H. et al. (2005)(99)

China

Random Sampling (CS)

Young adult males during their 8 week field military training

The Zung Self-report Depression Scale (SDS)

20

1107

279 (25.2%)

6

Grieger, T. A. et al. (2006)(100)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

U.S. soldiers were injured in combat

The nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire depression scale

26.94

301

28 (9.3%)

5

Hoge, C. W. et al. (2006)(101)

USA

Random Sampling (CS)

Army soldiers and Marines

The PRIME-MD

Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)

31.2

303,905

15,930 (5.24%)

8

Kress, A. M. et al. (2006)(102)

USA

Random Sampling (CS)

U.S. Military personnel

Burnam Screen

–

4227

844 (20%)

8

Pflanz, S. E. et al. (2006)(103)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Military Personnel

Depression Checklist

28.7

780

141 (18%)

7

Dove, M. B. et al. (2007)(104)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Women Entering a Military Substance Use Disorder

Depression Checklist

–

86

67 (78%)

5

Kolkow, T. T. et al. (2007)(105)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Army soldiers

The PRIME-MD

Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)

34.30

100

5 (5%)

5

Warner, C. M. et al. (2007)(106)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Military Personnel

The PRIME-MD

Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)

20.9

1090

173 (15.9%)

6

Male

20.9

955

143 (15%)

Female

21

135

30 (22.2%)

Hoge, C. W. et al. (2008) (107)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Army individual

The PRIME-MD

Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)

–

1885

275 (15%)

6

Marine individual

775

114 (14.7%)

Iversen, A. C. et al. (2009)(108)

UK

Random Sampling (CS)

UK military personnel in service at the time of the 2003 Iraq War

The PRIME-MD

Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)

35

821

223 (27.2%)

8

Kline, A. et al. (2009)(109)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Vietnam veterans with Substance Use Disorder

SCID DSM-IV Diagnoses

55.20

82

39 (47.9%)

8

Post-Vietnam veterans with Substance Use Disorder

46.76

236

131 (55.4%)

Persian Gulf veterans with Substance Use Disorder

34

55

33 (59.5%)

Rehn, L. M. et al. (2009)(110)

Finland

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Male Finnish military conscripts

The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)

20

126

4 (3.2%)

6

Rukskul, I. et al. (2009) (111)

Thailand

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Thai army personnel

Clinical Symptoms (Interviews)

45

1729

186 (10.75%)

5

Rukskul, I. (2010)(112)

Thailand

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Thai army personnel

Clinical Symptoms (Interviews)

45

213

7 (3.3%)

5

Fikretoglu, D. et al. (2010)(113)

Canada

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Canadian Community Health Survey-Canadian Forces KlineKline(CCHS-CF)

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV)

–

8441

1257 (14.9%)

8

Haskell, S. G. et al. (2010)(114)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

War Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan

Clinical Symptoms (Interviews)

32

Total (1229)

472 (38.4%)

7

32

Male (1032)

380 (36.8%)

30

Female (197)

92 (46.7%)

Luxton, D. D. et al. (2010)(115)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Active duty Soldiers between March 2006 and July 2009.

The PRIME-MD

Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)

27.37

Total (6943)

704 (10.1%)

7

Male (6427)

646 (10.0%)

Female (516)

58 (46.7%)

Maguen, S. et al. (2010)(116)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Enrolled in Veterans Affairs Health Care

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV)

31.21

Total (329049)

57,051 (17.33%)

8

31.47

Male (288348)

47,876 (17%)

29.41

Female (40701)

9175 (23%)

Stecker, T. et al. (2010)(117)

Lebanon

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Iraq/Afghanistan veterans

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV)

34.4

293,861

36,900 (12.5%)

6

Iraq/Afghanistan Veterans with Alcohol Use Disorder

118,332

4568 (3.8%)

Burnett-Zeigler, I. et al. (2011)(118)

USA

Random Sampling (CS)

Afghanistan and Iraq Veterans

The PRIME-MD

Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)

–

362

64 (17.6%)

7

Iraq/Afghanistan Veterans with Alcohol Use Disorder

200

72 (36%)

Erbes, C. R. et al. (2011)(119)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

National Guard/Reserve veterans returning from Iraq

The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)

31.60

617

83 (13.5%)

7

Guerra, V. S. et al. (2011)(120)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Veterans in Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF)

The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)

Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation Scale for Suicide Ideation-Adapted

38.3

393

88 (22.4%)

8

Jakupcak, M. et al. (2011)(121)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Iraq and Afghanistan War Veterans in the U.S

The PRIME-MD

Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)

31

336

126 (37.5%)

7

Kehle, S. M. et al. (2011)(122)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Soldiers from a National Guard Brigade Combat Team (BCT)

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV)

31.30

Total (348)

51 (15%)

7

Male (304)

39 (13%)

Female (44)

12 (27%)

Alcohol use disorders

348

45 (13%)

Substance use disorders

348

4 (1%)

Garber, B. G. et al. (2012)(123)

Canada

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Canadian Forces Members While on Deployment to Afghanistan

The PRIME-MD

Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)

–

1572

73 (4.7%)

5

Maguen, S. et al. (2012)(124)

USA

Convenience Sampling (Re)

Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-Fourth Edition (DSM-IV)

45

Total (74493)

41,424 (56%)

7

Male (67238)

36,359 (54%)

Female (7255)

5065 (70%)

Vasterling, J. J. et al. (2012)(125)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Iraq-deployed US Army soldiers

The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)

25.1

760

238 (31.3%)

7

Cohen, S. I. et al. (2013)(126)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

US military veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-Fourth Edition (DSM-IV)

–

93

44 (47.3%)

6

Harbertson, J. et al. (2013)(127)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Male Rwanda Defense Forces military personnel

The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)

30.9

1238

232 (22.1%)

7

546

129 (23.7%)

Alcohol Use Disorder

Marshall, B. D. et al. (2013)(128)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Ohio Army National Guard Soldiers

The PRIME-MD

Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)

–

2117

128 (6%)

7

142

17 (12%)

Soldiers with HIV

Morrow, C. E. et al. (2013)(129)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

U.S. Air Force

The PRIME-MD

Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)

30.35

194

3 (1.6%)

5

Swinkels, C. M. et al. (2013)(130)

UK

Convenience Sampling (CS)

U.S. Afghanistan/Iraq Veterans

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV)

37.40

1640

308 (18.8%)

6

Chapman, P. L. et al. (2014)(131)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

U.S. Army Combat Medics

The PRIME-MD

Patient HealthQuestionnaire (PHQ)

43.54

543

73 (13.4%)

6

Clarke-Walper, K. et al. (2014)(132)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Soldiers who returned from Iraq or Afghanistan

The PRIME-MD

Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)

–

7849

611 (8.1%)

7

2328

304 (13.1%)

Alcohol use

Curry, J. F. et al. (2014)(133)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Veterans

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV)

37.48

Total (1700)

652 (38.4%)

7

Male (1354)

491 (36.3%)

Female (346)

161 (46.5%)

Veterans with alcohol use

623

72 (11.6%)

Veterans with substance use

154

7 (4.5%)

Denneson, L. M. et al. (2014)(134)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans

The PRIME-MD

Patient Health

Questionnaire (PHQ)

–

465

237 (51%)

7

Don Richardson, J. et al. (2014)(135)

Canada

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Canadian Forces members and veterans

The PRIME-MD

Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)

–

404

316 (78.2%)

7

Garber, B. G. et al. (2014)(136)

Canada

Random Sampling (CS)

Canadian armed forces personnel

The PRIME-MD

Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)

–

16,153

593 (3.67%)

8

Heltemes, K. J. et al. (2014)(137)

USA

Random Sampling (CS)

Injured veterans

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV)

22.5

812

146 (18%)

6

Lehavot, K. et al. (2014)(138)

USA

Random Sampling (CS)

Sexual Minority and Heterosexual Women Veterans

The PRIME-MD

Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)

48

697

260 (37.3%)

7

Ramsawh, H. J. et al. (2014)(139)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Active Duty Military Personnel

10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale

35

5461

1914 (35%)

8

Bin Zubair, U. et al. (2015)(140)

Pakistan

Random Sampling (CS)

All military recruits were men and above the age of 17 years.

The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)

20

313

159 (50.7%)

7

Cleveland, S. D. et al. (2015)(141)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Veterans and Civilian College Students

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV)

–

26,969

7982 (30.17%)

8

Foote, C. E. et al. (2015)(142)

USA

Random Sampling (CS)

Vietnam veterans

The PRIME-MD

Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)

–

247

44 (17.8%)

7

Hamilton, A. B. et al. (2015) (143)

USA

Random Sampling (CS)

Employed Women Veterans

The five-question Mental Health Inventory (MHI-5)

–

1410

120 (4.1%)

7

195

42 (27.3%)

Unemployed Women Veterans

Hoerster, K. D. et al. (2015)(144)

USA

Random Sampling (CS)

Iraq and Afghanistan veterans

The PRIME-MD

Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)

31.3

332

53 (16.3%)

7

Kim, N. Y. et al. (2015) (145)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Korean Soldiers

Scale for suicide ideation (SSI), The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)

21.3

414

21 (5%)

6

Lundin, A. et al. (2015)(146)

Sweden

Random Sampling (CS)

Vietnam veterans

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV)

–

4251

1263 (29.7%)

7

McGuire, A. et al. (2015)(147)

UK

Random Sampling (CS)

Australian Defense Force (ADF men)

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV)

50

4091

454(11%)

7

Department of Veterans’ Affairs (DVA women)

4761

869 (18.3%)

Mysliwiec, V. et al. (2015)(148)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

U.S. Military Personnel

Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS)

36.2

58

30 (51.7%)

7

Nasioudis, D. et al. (2015)(149)

Greece

Random Sampling (CS)

Greek military medicine cadets

The Zung Self-report Depression Scale (SDS)

19.84

Total (146)

57 (39%)

7

Male (91)

36 (39.5%)

Female (55)

21 (38.2%)

Vanderploeg, R. D. et al. (2015) (150)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Florida National Guard Members

The PRIME-MD

Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)

–

3098

63 (2%)

7

Fink, D. S. et al. (2016) (151)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

U.S. Army National Guard soldiers

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV)

44

671

154 (23%)

8

Forbes, D. et al. (2016)(152)

Australia

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Australian peacekeepers

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV)

46.5

2050

201 (9.8%)

8

Guloglu, B. et al. (2016)(153)

Turkey

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Turkish combat-injurednon-professional veterans

The Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI)

40

336

55 (16.4%)

7

Hardos, J. E. et al. (2016) (154)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Aircraft Maintenance Workers

The PRIME-MD

Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)

29

4801

1042 (21.7%)

7

Herberman Mash, H. B. et al. (2016)(155)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

U.S. Army soldiers

The 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale

–

3813

1368 (35.8%)

8

U.S. Army soldiers with alcohol use

1210

583 (48.18%)

Monteith, L. L. et al. (2016)(156)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Veterans

Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSS), Multidimensional Suicide Inventory-28 (MSI) Negative Affect scale

49.6

Total (354)

169 (47.7%)

8

Male (310)

146 (47.1%)

Female (44)

32 (52.3%)

Phillips, K. M. et al. (2016)(157)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Iraq- and Afghanistan-era Veterans

20-item, self-report Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)

35.1

359

108 (30%)

6

Zamorski, M. A. et al. (2016)(158)

Canada

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Canadian Armed Forces

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV)

–

5120

410 (8%)

7

Boakye, E. A. et al. (2017)(159)

USA

Random Sampling (CS)

Veterans

Self-Report

40

144

48 (33.3%)

7

Veterans with alcohol use

75

24 (32%)

Cohen, G. H. et al. (2017)(160)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Army National Guard Soldiers

The PRIME-MD

Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), The PHQ-9 Item

–

1582

164 (10.3%)

8

Army National with Alcohol Use

93

27 (29%)

Gradus, J. L. et al. (2017)(161)

USA

Random Sampling (CS)

Veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars

20-item, self-report Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), The 4-item Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Short Form (SBQ-SF)

34

Total (2244)

712 (31.7%)

7

Male (1062)

314 (29.5%)

Female (1099)

398 (36.3%)

Packnett, E. R. et al. (2017)(162)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Army

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV)

–

34,487

1777 (5.1%)

8

Navy

6602

263 (4%)

Marine Corps

8428

113 (1.3%)

Air Force

9510

729 (7.6%)

Weeks, M. et al. (2017)(163)

Canada

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Canadian Military and Civilian Populations

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV)

35

6696

536 (8%)

8

Bartlett, B. A. et al. (2018)(164)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Military veterans

20-item, self-report Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)

38.40

910

75 (9.8%)

6

Blakey, S. M. et al. (2018)(165)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

U.S. veterans, active duty personnel, and National Guard and Reserve members

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV)

37.8

667

169 (25.3%)

7

Boulos, D. et al. (2018)(166)

Canada

Random Sampling (CS)

Regular Force personnel

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV)

–

3385

129 (3.8%)

7

Reserve Force personnel

1469

55 (3.7%)

Dillon, K. H. et al. (2018)(167)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans

The Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSS), The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR (SCID)

–

3238

1315 (40.6%)

7

Don Richardson, J. et al. (2018)(168)

Canada

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Canadian Armed Forces members and veterans

The PRIME-MD

Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)

44.6

522

413 (79.1%)

7

Elbogen, E. B. et al. (2018)(169)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV)

34.9

1172

375 (32%)

6

Hourani, L. L. et al. (2018)(170)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Active duty military personnel

The PRIME-MD

Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), Checklist

–

947

115 (15.4%)

7

Kizilhan, J. I. et al. (2018)(171)

Iraq

Convenience Sampling (CS)

Child soldiers

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV)

12.6

81

37 (45.6%)

6

McDonald, S. D. et al. (2018)(172)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs outpatients

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV)

58.1

280

53 (19%)

7

Stefanovics, E. A. et al. (2018)(173)

USA

Convenience Sampling (CS)

US Veterans

The Patient Health Questionnaire-4

59

3122

209 (6.7%)

7

Vun, E. et al. (2018)(174)

Canada

Convenience Sampling

(CS)

Canadian Armed Forces active personnel

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV

(DSM-IV)

35.4

6696

517 (8%)

8

Waitzkin, H. et al. (2018)(175)

USA

Convenience Sampling

(CS)

Military Personnel

The PRIME-MD

Patient Health

Questionnaire

(PHQ)

–

198

143 (72%)

7

Byrne, S. P. et al. (2019)(176)

USA

Convenience Sampling

(CS)

U.S. military veterans

The PRIME-MD

Patient Health

Questionnaire

(PHQ)

53.4

158

62 (34.7%)

7

Carney, B. et al. (2019)(177)

USA

Random Sampling

(CS)

US Military population with HIV infection

20-

item, self-report Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)

32

662

114 (17.2%)

8

Jones, N. et al. (2019)(178)

UK

Random Sampling

(CS)

UK Armed Forces

The PRIME-MD

Patient Health

Questionnaire

(PHQ)

–

Total (1448)

110 (7.6%)

6

Male (1229)

93 (7.7%)

Female (219)

17 (7.9%)

Lucas, C. L. et al. (2019)(179)

USA

Convenience Sampling

(CS)

Military Personnel

The PRIME-MD

Patient Health

Questionnaire

(PHQ)

–

Total (1980)

660 (37.9%)

7

Male (1665)

530 (36.2%)

Female (315)

130 (46.8%)

Nichter, B. et al. (2019)(180)

USA

Random Sampling

(CS)

U.S.

veteran population

The Patient Health

Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4), The Patient Health

Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)

60.3

2732

201 (7.3%)

9

Start, A. R. et al. (2019)(181)

USA

Convenience Sampling

(CS)

Military Personnel

The Patient Health

Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)

–

944

72 (7.6%)

7

Blosnich, J. R. et al. (2020)(182)

USA

Random Sampling

(CS)

Military Veterans

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV

(DSM-IV)

–

293,872

45,391 (15.4%)

9

Forys-Donahue, K. L. et al. (2020)(183)

USA

Random Sampling

(CS)

US Army population

The Patient Health

Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)

–

7043

774 (11%)

6

Gjerstad, C. L. et al. (2020)(184)

Norway

Convenience Sampling

(CS)

Norwegian Peacekeepers

The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)

30

10,450

417 (4%)

8

Groll, D. L. et al. (2020)(185)

Canada

Convenience Sampling

(CS)

Canadian military persons

The Patient Health

Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)

–

477

61 (12.8%)

8

Gross, G. M. et al. (2020)(186)

USA

Random Sampling

(CS)

U.S.

veteran population

The Patient Health

Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)

35

Total (650)

306 (47%)

7

Male (498)

192 (38.6%)

Female (352)

114 (32.4%)

Shim, E. J. et al. (2020)(187)

Korea

Random Sampling

(CS)

Korean military population

The Mini

International Neuropsychiatric Interview Plus (MINI-Plus), The Patient Health

Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)

50.6

1937

162 (8.4%)

8

Smigelsky, M. A. et al. (2020)(188)

USA

Convenience Sampling

(CS)

U.S. military population

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV

(DSM-IV)

37.6

1002

210 (21%)

6

Smith, L. M. et al. (2020)(189)

USA

Convenience Sampling

(CS)

U.S. Air Force Basic Military Training

The Patient Health

Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)

–

85

20 (23.5%)

5

Stefanovics, E. A. et al. (2020)(190)

USA

Convenience Sampling

(CS)

U.S. Military Veterans

The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), The Patient Health

Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)

55

1308

340 (30%)

5

Taillieu, T. L. et al. (2020)(191)

Canada

Convenience Sampling

(CS)

Canadian Armed Forces

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV

(DSM-IV)

–

6447

1006(15.6%)

5

Wang, J. et al. (2020)(192)

USA

Convenience Sampling

(CS)

U.S.

Reserve and National Guard Personnel

The Patient Health

Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)

34.4

3503

86 (2.5%)

6

Ursano, R. J. et al. (2020)(193)

USA

Convenience Sampling

(CS)

US Army Soldiers During Deployment

in Afghanistan

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV

(DSM-IV)

–

3957

173 (4.1%)

7

Yeom, C. W. et al. (2020)(194)

Korea

Convenience Sampling

(CS)

Korean military personal

The Mini

International Neuropsychiatric Interview Plus

(MINI-Plus Suicidality module), The Patient Health

Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)

21.4

480

27(5.6%)

6