Table 1 Description and comparison of socio-demographic and clinical characteristics by living arrangements
From: Associations of living arrangements with symptoms and functioning in schizophrenia
Variables | Mean (SD) or n (%) | Comparisons | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | Spouse/ Partner | Family | Independent | Rehabilitation | ||
Living arrangements | 276 (100%) | 33 (11.96%) | 185 (67.03%) | 17 (6.16%) | 41 (14.86%) | Â |
Housing | χ2(9) = 312.207, p < 0.001 | |||||
 Private | 15 (5.43%) | 3 (9.09%) | 12 (6.49%) | – | – |  |
 Public | 180 (65.22%) | 24 (72.73%) | 150 (81.08%) | 6 (35.29%) | – |  |
 Rental | 40 (14.49%) | 6 (18.18%) | 23 (12.43%) | 11 (64.71%) | – |  |
 Rehabilitation centres | 41 (14.86%) | – | – | – | 41 (100%) |  |
Sex (Male) | 152 (55.07%) | 14 (42.42%) | 105 (56.76%) | 10 (58.82%) | 23 (56.10%) | χ2(3) = 2.460, p = 0.483 |
Age, years | 40.42 (10.14) | 45.85 (8.19) | 38.38 (9.76) | 46.71 (8.38) | 42.66 (11.01) | F(3, 272) = 9.267, p < 0.001 |
 20–29 | 46 (16.67%) | 0 (0.00%) | 38 (82.61%) | 0 (0%) | 8 (17.39%) | χ2(12) = 27.805, p = 0.006 |
 30–39 | 86 (31.16%) | 7 (8.14%) | 67 (77.91%) | 3 (3.49%) | 9 (10.47%) |  |
 40–49 | 83 (30.07%) | 15 (18.07%) | 49 (59.04%) | 7 (8.43%) | 12 (14.46%) |  |
 50–59 | 53 (19.20%) | 9 (16.98%) | 28 (52.83%) | 6 (11.32%) | 10 (18.87%) |  |
   60–69 | 8 (2.90%) | 2 (25.00%) | 3 (37.50%) | 1 (12.50%) | 2 (25.00%) |  |
Age of onset of illness, years | 23.11 (6.50) | 25.79 (7.82) | 22.29 (6.10) | 23.06 (4.62) | 24.66 (7.06) | H(3) = 8.481, p = 0.037 |
Ethnicity1 | χ2(6) = 11.258, p = 0.081 | |||||
 Chinese | 233 (84.73%) | 28 (12.02%) | 163 (69.96%) | 13 (5.58%) | 29 (12.45%) |  |
 Malay | 20 (7.27%) | 3 (15.00%) | 10 (50.00%) | 1 (5.00%) | 6 (30.00%) |  |
 Indian | 22 (8.00%) | 1 (4.55%) | 12 (54.55%) | 3 (13.64%) | 6 (27.27%) |  |
Education, years | 13.17 (3.12) | 13.05 (3.43) | 13.41 (3.01) | 13.02 (3.22) | 12.23 (3.21) | F(3, 272) = 1.636, p = 0.181 |
Smoking status2 | χ2(6) = 9.569, p = 0.144 | |||||
 Current smoker | 60 (21.98%) | 4 (12.12%) | 37 (20.22%) | 8 (47.06%) | 11 (27.50%) | χ2(3) = 9.148, p = 0.027 4 |
 Ex-smoker | 36 (13.19%) | 5 (15.15%) | 26 (14.21%) | 1 (5.88%) | 4 (10.00%) |  |
 Non-smoker | 177 (64.84%) | 24 (72.73%) | 120 (65.57%) | 8 (47.06%) | 25 (62.50%) |  |
Employed | 127 (46.01%) | 19 (57.58%) | 91 (49.19%) | 6 (35.29%) | 11 (26.83%) | χ2(3) = 9.388, p  = 0.025 |
Physical comorbidity | 178 (64.49%) | 23 (69.70%) | 113 (61.08%) | 14 (82.35%) | 28 (68.29%) | χ2(3) = 3.957, p = 0.266 |
Antipsychotic dose*, mg | 461.67 (406.25) | 314.78 (305.71) | 453.95 (400.13) | 603.35 (574.38) | 556.02 (394.61) | H(3) = 11.856, p = 0.008 |
Illness exacerbation | 2.98 (1.48) | 2.45 (1.15) | 2.91 (1.49) | 3.76 (1.64) | 3.39 (1.37) | H(3) = 12.636, p = 0.005 |
SOFAS | 55.51 (11.20) | 63.61 (12.56) | 54.89 (11.31) | 51.00 (9.46) | 53.95 (7.25) | Brown-Forsythe F(3, 74.752) = 7.390, p < 0.001 |
PANSS Total | 58.11 (12.88) | 50.41 (11.11) | 59.08 (13.14) | 61.59 (13.83) | 58.32 (10.62) | H(3) = 14.457, p = 0.002 |
PANSS Positive | 8.31 (4.35) | 6.13 (3.02) | 8.46 (4.43) | 9.88 (4.73) | 8.66 (4.28) | H(3) = 11.630, p = 0.009 |
PANSS Negative | 11.28 (4.05) | 9.31 (3.11) | 11.66 (4.02) | 11.35 (4.26) | 11.12 (4.42) | H(3) = 9.412, p = 0.024 |
PANSS Excitement | 4.60 (2.06) | 4.31 (1.91) | 4.73 (2.14) | 4.82 (2.24) | 4.15 (1.65) | H(3) = 2.625, p = 0.453 |
PANSS Depression | 5.60 (2.50) | 4.97 (2.09) | 5.69 (2.56) | 6.29 (3.08) | 5.41 (2.21) | H(3) = 2.693, p = 0.441 |
PANSS Cognition | 4.34 (1.64) | 3.81 (1.55) | 4.40 (1.67) | 4.18 (1.38) | 4.54 (1.66) | H(3) = 4.341, p = 0.227 |
Symptomatic remission3 | 76 (27.74%) | 17 (53.13%) | 49 (26.63%) | 3 (17.65%) | 7 (17.07%) | χ2(3) = 13.592, p = 0.004 |