The link between problematic internet use, problematic gaming, and psychological distress: does sleep quality matter?

Table 3 Univariate association of problematic internet use (PIU), problematic gaming, sleep quality, and psychological distress with sample characteristics (N = 1040)

Variable	N	Problematic internet use		Problematic gaming		Sleep quality		Psychological distress
Variable	N	Mean	p value	Mean	p value	Mean	p value	Mean	p value
Gender
Male	416	53.67	0.509	18.59	< 0.001	5.42	0.758	59.16	0.082
Female	624	54.37	0.509	14.95	< 0.001	5.47	0.758	51.64	0.082
Class standing
1st year	264	53.96	0.157	16.30	0.014	5.02	0.010	53.42	0.005
2nd year	491	53.28		15.89		5.50		49.26
3rd year and above	285	55.61		17.42		5.76		65.06
Annual family income
< 50,000 yuan	241	56.71	0.031	16.91	0.419	6.05	0.003	69.75	< 0.001
50,000 to < 100,000 yuan	309	53.82		16.49		5.25		60.07
100,000 to < 200,000 yuan	302	52.70		15.90		5.18		41.67
> 200,000 yuan	188	53.41		16.46		5.45		47.22
Academic achievement
Top 20%	323	53.76	0.046	16.11	0.034	5.36	0.536	54.77	0.103
Average	564	53.47		16.21		5.44		51.85
Bottom 20%	153	57.09		17.78		5.68		64.68
Father’s education
Junior high school or below	381	54.57	0.014	16.97	0.002	5.70	0.056	65.10	< 0.001
Senior high school	258	56.05		17.07		5.47		55.32
College and above	401	52.38		15.45		5.20		44.28
Mother’s education
Junior high school or below	436	55.30	0.005	17.06	0.001	5.68	0.097	62.07	0.001
Senior high school	250	55.24		16.82		5.34		55.33
College and above	354	51.79		15.32		5.25		45.02
Physical activity
0 days/week	210	57.33	< 0.001	15.95	0.133	5.60	0.027	55.67	0.502
1 days/week	189	55.06		16.59		5.80		56.68
2 days/week	212	53.78		16.91		5.68		58.99
3 days/week	200	55.26		17.12		5.21		54.47
4–7 days/week	229	49.59		15.60		5.02		48.17
Substance use
None	736	52.57	< 0.001	14.91	< 0.001	5.15	< 0.001	39.42	< 0.001
1 type	137	52.78		16.99		5.65		46.74
2 or more types	167	61.86		22.54		6.63		128.25

ISSN: 1471-244X