Patterns of hypnotic prescribing for residual insomnia and recurrence of major depressive disorder: a retrospective cohort study using a Japanese health insurance claims database

Table 2 Multivariate analysis for predictors of MDD recurrence

Variable	Reference	Category	MDD recurrence at 360 days, OR (95% CI)
Prescription pattern	Benzodiazepine	Non-benzodiazepine	0.84 (0.67–1.07)
		Melatonin receptor agonist	0.87 (0.47–1.60)
		Orexin receptor antagonist	0.87 (0.50–1.50)
		Combination therapy (2 drugs)	1.23 (0.97–1.56)
		Combination therapy (3 drugs)	0.91 (0.60–1.37)
		Combination therapy (≥4 drugs)	0.97 (0.53–1.75)
Gender^a	Male	Female	0.67 (0.50–0.88)
Age^a	< 40 years	≥40 years	0.95 (0.78–1.14)
Insured or dependent	Insured	Spouse	1.44 (1.03–2.02)
Insured or dependent	Insured	Other family member	1.46 (0.99–2.16)
Prior neurological medication, psychotropic drug	Absent	Present	1.22 (0.86–1.73)
Prior anxiolytic medication	Absent	Present	0.98 (0.77–1.24)
Concomitant antipsychotic medication	Absent	Present	1.11 (0.88–1.39)
Sedative antidepressant	Absent	Present	1.50 (1.24–1.82)
Antidepressant dosage at end of treatment	<Recommended maximum dose	≥Recommended maximum dose	1.11 (0.77–1.60)
Antidepressant dosage (mg/day)^b	< 75 mg/day	≥75 and < 150 mg/day	1.06 (0.86–1.29)
Antidepressant dosage (mg/day)^b	< 75 mg/day	≥150 mg/day	1.14 (0.81–1.61)

^aMandatory variables; ^bConverted to values that are equivalent to imipramine using a dose-equivalence scale for antidepressants [20].
CI Confidence interval, MDD Major depressive disorder, OR Odds ratio

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