Table 1 Characteristics of Reviewed Studies
From: Stigma of mental illness and cultural factors in Pacific Rim region: a systematic review
Author, year | Study type | Target population (n) | Country/District | Cultural values | Stigma type | Measurements |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chiu et al., 2013 [17] | Quantitative study | Caregivers (211) | China | Face concern | Affiliate stigma | The Loss of Face Scale (LOS) The Affiliate Stigma Scale (AAS) |
Mirza et al., 2019 [12] | Quantitative study | Students (173) | White British and South Asians | Supernatural beliefs | Public stigma | The Beliefs About Mental Health Problems Questionnaire The Supernatural Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ) |
Mak et al., 2015 [18] | Quantitative study | Adults (199) | China | Face concern | Self-stigma | Loss of Face (LOF), 9-item Self- Stigma Scale |
WonPat-Borja et al., 2012 [19] | Quantitative study | Chinese Americans (42) and European American (428) | the USA | Face concern and familism | Public stigma | Three items measuring eugenic attitudes and one item measuring the importance of genetics in mental health ‘three items that describe intimate social distance |
Mak & Cheung, 2012 [20] | Quantitative study | Caregivers (108) | China | Face concern | Affiliate stigma | ASS, LOS |
Chiu et al., 2015 [21] | Quantitative study | Caregivers (211) | China | Face concern | Affiliate stigma | ASS, LOS |
Griffiths et al., 2006 [22] | Quantitative study | Adults (3998 from Australia and 2000 from Japan) | Australia and Japan | Individualism | Self-stigma and Public stigma | Perceived stigma scale; Personal stigma scale |
Boge et al., 2018 [23] | Quantitative study | Adults (924) | India | Familism | Public stigma | Link’s Perceived Discrimination and Devaluation Scale (PDDS). |
Picco et al., 2016 [24] | Quantitative study | Adults (280) | Singapore | Cultural values and beliefs affect stigmatization | Self-stigma | Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness; Rosenberg’s Self Esteem Scale; Dispositional Hope Scale (DHS) |
Ran et al., 2018 [2] | Quantitative study | Adults (153) | China | Cultural values and beliefs affect stigmatization | Self-stigma | Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness; |
Mileva, Vázquez & Milev, 2013 [25] | Quantitative study | Persons with bipolar disorder (178 from Argentina and 214 from Canada) | Argentina and Canada | Cultural values and beliefs affect stigmatization | Public stigma | Inventory of Stigmatizing Experiences (ISE) |
Marquez & RamÃrez, 2013 [26] | Quantitative study | Caregivers (32) | Mexican caregivers in the USA | Familismo | Affiliate stigma | Five items scale developed by Greenberg, Greenley, McKee, Brown, and Griffin-Francell (1993) |
Lin et al., 2018 [27] | Quantitative study | Mental health professionals (665) | China and the USA | Confucianism and face concern | Professional stigma | The Clinician Associative Stigma Scale (CASS) |
Pang et al., 2017 [28] | Quantitative study | Youths (940) | Singapore | Collectivism and face concern | Public stigma | The Attitudes Towards Serious Mental Illness; Social Tolerance Scale |
Haraguchi et al., 2009 [29] | Quantitative study | Rehabilitation workers (292 from Japan and 270 from China). | China and Japan | Cultural values and beliefs affect stigmatization | Public stigma | The Social Distance Scale |
Caplan et al., 2011 [30] | Quantitative study | Adults (177) | Latino immigrant in the USA | Religion and supernatural beliefs | Public stigma | Beliefs about Causes of Depression scale; Perceived stigma contained three items |
Kurumatani et al., 2004 [31] | Quantitative study | Elementary school teachers (150 from Taiwan and 129 from Japan) | Taiwan and Japan | Cultural values and beliefs affect stigmatization | Public stigma | Angermeyer and Matschinge questionnaire |
Papadopoulos, Foster & Caldwell, 2013 [32] | Quantitative study | 4 culture groups (78 Americans, 75 White-English, 77 Greek, 75 Chinese) | White-English, American, Greek, Chinese | Individualism and Collectivism | Public stigma | Community Attitudes to Mental Illness Scale; the ‘vertical-horizontal individualism-collectivism scale |
Loya, Reddy, & Hinshaw, 2010 [33] | Quantitative study | Students (74 Caucasians and 54 South Asians) | South Asian and Caucasian in the USA | Collectivism | Public stigma; Self-stigma | Social Distance Scale; Devaluation-discrimination Scale |
Tsang et al., 2007 [34] | Qualitative study | Employees (40 from Chicago, 30 from Hong Kong, and 30 from Beijing) | China and the USA | Confucianism and religions | Public stigma | N/A |
Tanaka et al., 2018 [35] | Qualitative study | People with mental illness (39) | Philippines | Religion and supernatural beliefs | Self-stigma | N/A |
Fancher et al., 2010 [36] | Qualitative study | Adults (11) | Vietnamese American in the USA | Supernatural beliefs and familism | Self-stigma | N/A |
Luo et al., 2018 [37] | Qualitative study | Medical school graduates (20) | China | Face concern | Professional stigma | N/A |
Chen et al., 2013 [38] | Qualitative study | Persons with mental illness (53) | Chinese immigrant in the USA | Face concern and familism | Self-stigma | N/A |
Han et al., 2017 [39] | Qualitative study | Participants aged from 18 to 49 (18) | Korean Immigrants in the USA | Collectivism and face concern | Public stigma | N/A |
Ramli et al., 2017 [40] | Qualitative study | Caregivers (14) | Malaysia | Religion and familism | Affiliate stigma | N/A |
Mascayano et al., 2015 [41] | Qualitative study | Persons with mental illness (20) | Chile | Familism | Self-stigma | N/A |
Alvidrez et al., 2008 [42] | Qualitative study | Mental health consumers (34) | the USA | Familism | Public stigma Self-stigma | N/A |
Interian et al., 2007 [43] | Qualitative study | Outpatient (30) | Latin America | Collectivism and familism | Public stigma | N/A |
Caplan, 2019 [44] | Qualitative study | Persons with mental illness (177) | Latinos in the USA | Supernatural beliefs | Public stigma | N/A |
Bui et al., 2018 [45] | Qualitative study | Caregivers (21) | Vietnamese in the USA | Familism and religion | Affiliate stigma | N/A |
Yang et al., 2013 [46] | Qualitative study | Individuals with psychosis (20), their relatives (15), and community respondents (15). | Chile | Familism and religion | Public stigma; Self-stigma | Perceived Devaluation-Discrimination (PDD) Scale and Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale (ISMI) |
Keller et al., 2019 [47] | Qualitative study | Students (33) | the USA | Collectivism and individualism | Public stigma; Self-stigma | N/A |
Yang, 2015 [48] | Mixed-method | Caregivers (120) | China | Face concern and familism | Affiliate stigma | ASS, LOS |
Yang et al., 2014 [49] | Mixed-method | Caregivers (11) | Chinese Immigrants in the USA | Familism | Affiliate stigma | Internalized stigma scale |
Lee et al., 2005 [50] | Mixed-method | Out-patients (480) | Hong Kong | Face concern | Public stigma | Psychiatric Stigma Experience Questionnaire (PSEQ) |
Mascayano et al., 2016 [51] | Theory study(review) | Latin Americans | Latin America | Familism, and religion | Public stigma, self-stigma, affiliate stigma, and multiple stigmas | N/A |
Yang & Kleinman, 2008 [52] | Theory study | Chinese | China | Face concern | N/A | N/A |
Yang et al., 2007 [53] | Theory study | Chinese | China | Face concern | N/A | N/A |
Hanzawa, 2012 [54] | Theory study | Japanese | Japan | Confucianism and familism | Affiliate stigma | N/A |
Abdullah & Brown, 2011 [11] | Theory study(review) | Americans (different ethnicities) | the USA | Â | N/A | N/A |