From: Effects of ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol on aversive memories and anxiety: a review from human studies
Drug(s), dose(s), treatment regimen, and route of administration | Study’s design | Main results | Sex | Age in years | Health status | Cannabis consume | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
THC 10 mg, acute, v.o. | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled | ↑ anxiety on VAMS | ♂ | 18–42 | Healthy | Non-users | [79] |
THC 10 mg, acute, v.o. | Pseudorandomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled | THC ↑ anxiety on STAI and VAMS; ↑ SCR and left amygdala activity viewing fearful faces | ♂ | 20–42 | Healthy | Non-users | [80] |
THC 10 mg, acute, v.o. | Pseudorandomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled | ↑ anxiety on STAI; ↑ CB1 activation in right amygdala while viewing fearful faces | ♂ | 23.79 ± 4.45 | Healthy | Non-users | [81] |
THC 10 mg, acute, v.o. | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled | ↑ anxiety on STAI in both groups; ↑ left fusiform gyrus, and ↓ left precuneus, cuneus and posterior cingulate activity in Cannabis users | ♂ | 26 ± 5.6 | Healthy | Users and non-users | [82] |
THC 10 mg, acute, v.o. | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled | THC ↑ anxiety on STAI, ↑ SCR, ↑ activity of right inferior, right superior and left medial frontal gyrus and ↓ left precuneus during the processing of fearful faces | ♂ | 18–35 | Healthy | Non-users | [83] |
Nabilone 2.0 mg, acute, v.o. | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled | ↔ anxiety during a non-traumatic psychological stress | ♂ | 18–30 | Healthy | Non-users | [89] |
Dronabinol 7.5 mg, acute, v.o. | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled | ↔ anxiety; ↓ amygdala reactivity viewing fearful faces | ♂ ♀ | 18–28 | Healthy | Non-users | [90] |
Dronabinol 7.5 or 12.5 mg, acute, v.o. | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled | 7.5 mg ↓ stress reactivity on VAS; 12.5 mg ↑ stress reactivity and anxiety on POMS | ♂ ♀ | 18–40 | Healthy | Non-users | [91] |
THC 0.5 mg/kg + CBD 1.0 mg/kg, acute, v.o. | Double-blind, placebo-controlled | THC ↑ anxiety on STAI; CBD ↓ the THC effects | ♂ ♀ | 20–38 | Healthy | Non-users | [92] |
THC 30 mg + CBD 15, 30 or 60 mg, acute, v.o. | Double-blind, placebo-controlled | THC ↑ anxiety; CBD 30 or 60 mg ↓ most of the effects of THC | ♂ | adults | Healthy | Non-users | [93] |
THC ~ 14 mg, acute, via inhalation (smoked) | Double-blind | ↔ anxiety on MAACL-T; ↓ SCR and forearm blood flow | ♂ | 18–29 | Healthy | Users | [94] |
THC 1.8% or 3.6% + CBD 0.2% or 1.0%, acute; smoked | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled | THC 3.6% ↑ anxiety; THC 3.6% + CBD 1.0% ↔ anxiety; THC 3.6% + CBD 0.2% ↑ anxiety; THC 1.8% ↔ anxiety; THC 1.8% + CBD 1.0% ↑ anxiety; THC 1.8% + CBD 0.2% ↔ anxiety | ♂ ♀ | 21–45 | Healthy | Users | [95] |
THC 5.0 or 15 mg; “low” Sativex® (THC 5.4 mg + CBD 5.0 mg CBD); or “high” Sativex® (THC 16.2 mg + CBD 15 mg); acute, v.o. and oromucosal | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled | ↑ anxiety with THC 5 or 15 mg; ↔ anxiety with “low” Sativex® ↑ anxiety with “high” Sativex® | ♂ ♀ | 18–45 | Healthy | Users | [96] |
Nabilone 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 or 5.0 mg, acute, v.o. | Single-blind, placebo-controlled | 1.0 and 2.0 mg ↓ anxiety on POMS | ♂ ♀ | adults | Anxious | Non-users | [97] |
Phase 1: nabilone 1.0–10 mg; Phase 2: nabilone 1.0 mg; 28 days t.i.d. administration | Phase 1: Open-label Phase 2: Double-blind, placebo-controlled | ↓ anxiety | ♂ ♀ | 19–41 | Anxious | Non-users | [98] |
THC 5.0 mg, 21 days t.i.d. administration, v.o. | Open-label | ↓ anxiety and improved global symptoms | ♂ ♀ | adults | PTSD | Non-users | [99] |
Dronabinol 7.5 mg, acute, v.o. | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled | THC ↓ amygdala activation during threatening faces on PTSD patients and during non-threatening faces on healthy controls; ↑ mPFC/rACC-amygdala functional connectivity ↔ anxiety on STAI | ♂ ♀ | 20–45 | PTSD, trauma exposed, and healthy controls | Non-users | [100] |