Skip to main content

Table 3 Number, mean, standard deviation and ANOVA’s p-values of PCL-5, BHS and CD-RISC scores specified for different sociodemographic and clinical variables, and SDS, SAS, CTQ scores. We reported also, in the last column, the p-values of Multivariate analysis

From: Resilience, trauma, and hopelessness: protective or triggering factor for the development of psychopathology among migrants?

 

PCL (n = 93)

BHS (n = 113)

CD-RISK (n = 114)

MANOVA (n = 90)

N

Mean

STD

p-value

N

Mean

STD

p-value

N

Mean

STD

p-value

p-value

Sex

Female

13

39.15

18.2

0.90698

16

7.06

3.91

0.77880

16

57.38

19.05

0.94257

0.98107

Male

80

39.69

14.69

97

7.74

4.68

98

54.65

19.23

Age

  < 25 yrs

48

37.90

13.67

0.53490

51

6.82

3.62

0.30857

52

55.96

20.00

0.39312

0.53490

  > 25 yrs

45

41.44

16.48

62

8.32

5.16

62

54.26

18.53

Geographic Area

Europe

6

36.17

15.72

0.78925

10

5.4

3.86

0.14143

10

61.3

19.88

0.54794

0.19945

Asia

6

39

15.27

12

11.83

4.75

12

51.33

20.24

Africa

72

40.25

14.05

82

7.32

4.27

83

54.46

19.42

Education level

Low

11

36.09

11.41

0.29901

13

9.62

4.35

0.71730

13

54.23

19.75

0.61421

0.33339

Medium

42

42.55

16.06

51

7.18

3.65

50

53.62

19.73

High

36

37.94

15.02

44

7.91

5.42

45

56.11

19.59

Employment situation

Unemployed

74

40.57

14.96

0.35970

94

7.83

4.59

0.84788

94

54.67

20.12

0.89253

0.84192

Worker

18

36.5

15.79

17

7.35

4.34

18

55.39

14.08

Marital status

Single

67

39.31

15.12

0.36713

83

7.57

4.62

0.65205

84

54.36

18.35

0.41177

0.26782

Married

17

43.41

12.92

19

7.37

4.25

19

56.68

19.99

Divorced /Widow

9

34.67

18.72

11

8.73

5

11

57.36

24.79

Religion

Muslim

44

40.34

15.09

0.44680

54

8.96

4.61

0.00049**

54

50.81

18.94

0.02555*

0.00526*

Christian

40

38.35

14.72

45

5.8

3.89

47

59.17

18.58

Other

7

46.14

17.93

11

8.64

4.86

11

57

21.3

Psychiatric disorder

No

13

31.69

13.82

0.00703**

14

4.43

2.14

0.04999*

14

68.36

14.93

0.07017

0.00764*

Traumatic

33

41.12

14.41

37

8.38

4.87

39

50.08

17.19

Neurotic

13

30.54

19.85

19

6.89

3.83

18

53.83

17.71

Psychotic

29

44.86

11.8

37

8.27

4.95

37

54.86

20.83

Social support

Low

37

39.3

17.11

0.97496

40

6.83

4.16

0.97661

42

60.02

16.63

0.08350

0.29070

High

45

39.18

13.13

57

8.05

4.63

57

51.95

18.98

Socio-economic condition

Low

70

40.09

15.13

0.49704

88

7.85

4.6

0.60908

87

53.86

19.29

0.29750

0.31511

Medium-High

14

37.57

16.11

17

6.65

4.6

18

62.06

18.76

Traumas in adult life

No

17

37.41

18.33

0.56293

20

6.35

4.38

0.83535

20

60

16.64

0.60848

0.87057

Yes

68

39.82

14.32

80

7.9

4.63

82

53.2

19.24

Negative stressful events

No

11

35.55

14.26

0.36411

13

5.77

4.49

0.39757

13

61.85

18.94

0.73768

0.72667

Yes

75

39.91

15.14

93

7.92

4.62

94

54.04

19.37

 

PCL (n = 93)

BHS (n = 113)

CD-RISK (n = 114)

Multivariate p-values (n = 90)

N

Mean

STD

p-value

Mean

STD

N

p-value

N

Mean

STD

p-value

Agitation

No

63

39.43

15.27

0.22521

79

7.15

4.44

0.79012

81

57.2

18.8

0.60715

0.58751

Yes

16

44.56

12.66

17

7.12

4.23

17

54.35

18.19

Insomnia

No

23

31.26

14.29

0.00116**

24

6.13

3.86

0.29766

25

56.72

20.23

0.75819

0.01391*

Yes

65

42.6

14.68

83

7.81

4.57

84

54.95

18.76

Social isolation

No

42

37.31

16.29

0.13833

47

7.38

4.44

0.20579

49

55.51

18.7

0.70292

0.14515

Yes

39

42.31

13.47

51

7.57

4.67

51

54.29

20.34

Current physical diagnosis

No

65

38.98

15.78

0.43230

80

7.03

4.43

0.01934*

81

57.49

18.28

0.70292

0.11402

Yes

24

42.21

13.88

28

9

4.57

29

48.9

19.82

Suicide attempt

No

75

39.11

14.62

0.15806

90

7.16

4.46

0.16643

91

56.11

19.83

0.64612

0.34585

Yes

8

47.13

18.28

13

10.62

4.74

13

47.31

15.5

Zung Self rating Depression Scale (SDS)

No depression

41

32.8

14.04

0.00014**

51

5.57

3.66

0.00002**

51

60.53

19.37

0.01603*

0.00000**

Mild depression

40

43.48

14.45

43

8.09

4.05

45

52.02

18.19

Moderate-high depression

12

50

10.44

18

12.33

4.56

18

47

17.18

Zung Self rating Anxiety Scale (SAS)

No anxiety

37

29.81

12.98

0.00000**

47

5.68

3.37

0.00057**

46

55.41

19.66

0.53741

0.00000**

Mild anxiety

47

44.79

12.44

55

8.36

4.72

57

55.84

18.97

Moderate anxiety

9

52.89

13.44

11

12.45

3.86

11

49.27

18.68

CTQ-28 Emotional maltreatment

Low

56

36.95

14.84

0.02769*

67

7.18

4.34

0.92425

68

54.19

20.69

0.40690

0.15812

Medium-High

37

43.65

14.83

44

8.43

4.86

45

56

16.83

CTQ-28 Physical maltreatment

Low

39

35.05

14.89

0.00942**

44

7.43

4.84

0.88137

45

55.82

22.1

0.84046

0.06007

Medium-High

54

42.91

14.54

67

7.84

4.42

68

54.31

17.14

CTQ-28 Sexual abuse

Low

49

37.53

17.36

0.16027

60

7.38

4.6

0.07472

60

55.77

19.88

0.43309

0.22764

Medium-High

44

41.93

11.93

51

8.02

4.57

53

53.94

18.51

CTQ-28 Emotional neglect

Low

55

41.24

16.46

0.21480

62

6.61

3.94

0.01912*

64

62.77

17.54

0.00000**

0.00000**

Medium-High

38

37.26

12.78

49

9.02

4.99

49

44.65

16.29

CTQ-28 Physical neglect

Low

23

33

17.5

0.01015*

29

7.28

5.3

0.14296

30

61.87

20.32

0.17732

0.02475*

Medium-High

70

41.79

13.7

82

7.82

4.32

83

52.4

18.24