| PCL (n = 93) | BHS (n = 113) | CD-RISK (n = 114) | MANOVA (n = 90) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Mean | STD | p-value | N | Mean | STD | p-value | N | Mean | STD | p-value | p-value | |
Sex | |||||||||||||
Female | 13 | 39.15 | 18.2 | 0.90698 | 16 | 7.06 | 3.91 | 0.77880 | 16 | 57.38 | 19.05 | 0.94257 | 0.98107 |
Male | 80 | 39.69 | 14.69 | 97 | 7.74 | 4.68 | 98 | 54.65 | 19.23 | ||||
Age | |||||||||||||
  < 25 yrs | 48 | 37.90 | 13.67 | 0.53490 | 51 | 6.82 | 3.62 | 0.30857 | 52 | 55.96 | 20.00 | 0.39312 | 0.53490 |
  > 25 yrs | 45 | 41.44 | 16.48 | 62 | 8.32 | 5.16 | 62 | 54.26 | 18.53 | ||||
Geographic Area | |||||||||||||
Europe | 6 | 36.17 | 15.72 | 0.78925 | 10 | 5.4 | 3.86 | 0.14143 | 10 | 61.3 | 19.88 | 0.54794 | 0.19945 |
Asia | 6 | 39 | 15.27 | 12 | 11.83 | 4.75 | 12 | 51.33 | 20.24 | ||||
Africa | 72 | 40.25 | 14.05 | 82 | 7.32 | 4.27 | 83 | 54.46 | 19.42 | ||||
Education level | |||||||||||||
Low | 11 | 36.09 | 11.41 | 0.29901 | 13 | 9.62 | 4.35 | 0.71730 | 13 | 54.23 | 19.75 | 0.61421 | 0.33339 |
Medium | 42 | 42.55 | 16.06 | 51 | 7.18 | 3.65 | 50 | 53.62 | 19.73 | ||||
High | 36 | 37.94 | 15.02 | 44 | 7.91 | 5.42 | 45 | 56.11 | 19.59 | ||||
Employment situation | |||||||||||||
Unemployed | 74 | 40.57 | 14.96 | 0.35970 | 94 | 7.83 | 4.59 | 0.84788 | 94 | 54.67 | 20.12 | 0.89253 | 0.84192 |
Worker | 18 | 36.5 | 15.79 | 17 | 7.35 | 4.34 | 18 | 55.39 | 14.08 | ||||
Marital status | |||||||||||||
Single | 67 | 39.31 | 15.12 | 0.36713 | 83 | 7.57 | 4.62 | 0.65205 | 84 | 54.36 | 18.35 | 0.41177 | 0.26782 |
Married | 17 | 43.41 | 12.92 | 19 | 7.37 | 4.25 | 19 | 56.68 | 19.99 | ||||
Divorced /Widow | 9 | 34.67 | 18.72 | 11 | 8.73 | 5 | 11 | 57.36 | 24.79 | ||||
Religion | |||||||||||||
Muslim | 44 | 40.34 | 15.09 | 0.44680 | 54 | 8.96 | 4.61 | 0.00049** | 54 | 50.81 | 18.94 | 0.02555* | 0.00526* |
Christian | 40 | 38.35 | 14.72 | 45 | 5.8 | 3.89 | 47 | 59.17 | 18.58 | ||||
Other | 7 | 46.14 | 17.93 | 11 | 8.64 | 4.86 | 11 | 57 | 21.3 | ||||
Psychiatric disorder | |||||||||||||
No | 13 | 31.69 | 13.82 | 0.00703** | 14 | 4.43 | 2.14 | 0.04999* | 14 | 68.36 | 14.93 | 0.07017 | 0.00764* |
Traumatic | 33 | 41.12 | 14.41 | 37 | 8.38 | 4.87 | 39 | 50.08 | 17.19 | ||||
Neurotic | 13 | 30.54 | 19.85 | 19 | 6.89 | 3.83 | 18 | 53.83 | 17.71 | ||||
Psychotic | 29 | 44.86 | 11.8 | 37 | 8.27 | 4.95 | 37 | 54.86 | 20.83 | ||||
Social support | |||||||||||||
Low | 37 | 39.3 | 17.11 | 0.97496 | 40 | 6.83 | 4.16 | 0.97661 | 42 | 60.02 | 16.63 | 0.08350 | 0.29070 |
High | 45 | 39.18 | 13.13 | 57 | 8.05 | 4.63 | 57 | 51.95 | 18.98 | ||||
Socio-economic condition | |||||||||||||
Low | 70 | 40.09 | 15.13 | 0.49704 | 88 | 7.85 | 4.6 | 0.60908 | 87 | 53.86 | 19.29 | 0.29750 | 0.31511 |
Medium-High | 14 | 37.57 | 16.11 | 17 | 6.65 | 4.6 | 18 | 62.06 | 18.76 | ||||
Traumas in adult life | |||||||||||||
No | 17 | 37.41 | 18.33 | 0.56293 | 20 | 6.35 | 4.38 | 0.83535 | 20 | 60 | 16.64 | 0.60848 | 0.87057 |
Yes | 68 | 39.82 | 14.32 | 80 | 7.9 | 4.63 | 82 | 53.2 | 19.24 | ||||
Negative stressful events | |||||||||||||
No | 11 | 35.55 | 14.26 | 0.36411 | 13 | 5.77 | 4.49 | 0.39757 | 13 | 61.85 | 18.94 | 0.73768 | 0.72667 |
Yes | 75 | 39.91 | 15.14 | 93 | 7.92 | 4.62 | 94 | 54.04 | 19.37 | ||||
 | PCL (n = 93) | BHS (n = 113) | CD-RISK (n = 114) | Multivariate p-values (n = 90) | |||||||||
N | Mean | STD | p-value | Mean | STD | N | p-value | N | Mean | STD | p-value | ||
Agitation | |||||||||||||
No | 63 | 39.43 | 15.27 | 0.22521 | 79 | 7.15 | 4.44 | 0.79012 | 81 | 57.2 | 18.8 | 0.60715 | 0.58751 |
Yes | 16 | 44.56 | 12.66 | 17 | 7.12 | 4.23 | 17 | 54.35 | 18.19 | ||||
Insomnia | |||||||||||||
No | 23 | 31.26 | 14.29 | 0.00116** | 24 | 6.13 | 3.86 | 0.29766 | 25 | 56.72 | 20.23 | 0.75819 | 0.01391* |
Yes | 65 | 42.6 | 14.68 | 83 | 7.81 | 4.57 | 84 | 54.95 | 18.76 | ||||
Social isolation | |||||||||||||
No | 42 | 37.31 | 16.29 | 0.13833 | 47 | 7.38 | 4.44 | 0.20579 | 49 | 55.51 | 18.7 | 0.70292 | 0.14515 |
Yes | 39 | 42.31 | 13.47 | 51 | 7.57 | 4.67 | 51 | 54.29 | 20.34 | ||||
Current physical diagnosis | |||||||||||||
No | 65 | 38.98 | 15.78 | 0.43230 | 80 | 7.03 | 4.43 | 0.01934* | 81 | 57.49 | 18.28 | 0.70292 | 0.11402 |
Yes | 24 | 42.21 | 13.88 | 28 | 9 | 4.57 | 29 | 48.9 | 19.82 | ||||
Suicide attempt | |||||||||||||
No | 75 | 39.11 | 14.62 | 0.15806 | 90 | 7.16 | 4.46 | 0.16643 | 91 | 56.11 | 19.83 | 0.64612 | 0.34585 |
Yes | 8 | 47.13 | 18.28 | 13 | 10.62 | 4.74 | 13 | 47.31 | 15.5 | ||||
Zung Self rating Depression Scale (SDS) | |||||||||||||
No depression | 41 | 32.8 | 14.04 | 0.00014** | 51 | 5.57 | 3.66 | 0.00002** | 51 | 60.53 | 19.37 | 0.01603* | 0.00000** |
Mild depression | 40 | 43.48 | 14.45 | 43 | 8.09 | 4.05 | 45 | 52.02 | 18.19 | ||||
Moderate-high depression | 12 | 50 | 10.44 | 18 | 12.33 | 4.56 | 18 | 47 | 17.18 | ||||
Zung Self rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) | |||||||||||||
No anxiety | 37 | 29.81 | 12.98 | 0.00000** | 47 | 5.68 | 3.37 | 0.00057** | 46 | 55.41 | 19.66 | 0.53741 | 0.00000** |
Mild anxiety | 47 | 44.79 | 12.44 | 55 | 8.36 | 4.72 | 57 | 55.84 | 18.97 | ||||
Moderate anxiety | 9 | 52.89 | 13.44 | 11 | 12.45 | 3.86 | 11 | 49.27 | 18.68 | ||||
CTQ-28 Emotional maltreatment | |||||||||||||
Low | 56 | 36.95 | 14.84 | 0.02769* | 67 | 7.18 | 4.34 | 0.92425 | 68 | 54.19 | 20.69 | 0.40690 | 0.15812 |
Medium-High | 37 | 43.65 | 14.83 | 44 | 8.43 | 4.86 | 45 | 56 | 16.83 | ||||
CTQ-28 Physical maltreatment | |||||||||||||
Low | 39 | 35.05 | 14.89 | 0.00942** | 44 | 7.43 | 4.84 | 0.88137 | 45 | 55.82 | 22.1 | 0.84046 | 0.06007 |
Medium-High | 54 | 42.91 | 14.54 | 67 | 7.84 | 4.42 | 68 | 54.31 | 17.14 | ||||
CTQ-28 Sexual abuse | |||||||||||||
Low | 49 | 37.53 | 17.36 | 0.16027 | 60 | 7.38 | 4.6 | 0.07472 | 60 | 55.77 | 19.88 | 0.43309 | 0.22764 |
Medium-High | 44 | 41.93 | 11.93 | 51 | 8.02 | 4.57 | 53 | 53.94 | 18.51 | ||||
CTQ-28 Emotional neglect | |||||||||||||
Low | 55 | 41.24 | 16.46 | 0.21480 | 62 | 6.61 | 3.94 | 0.01912* | 64 | 62.77 | 17.54 | 0.00000** | 0.00000** |
Medium-High | 38 | 37.26 | 12.78 | 49 | 9.02 | 4.99 | 49 | 44.65 | 16.29 | ||||
CTQ-28 Physical neglect | |||||||||||||
Low | 23 | 33 | 17.5 | 0.01015* | 29 | 7.28 | 5.3 | 0.14296 | 30 | 61.87 | 20.32 | 0.17732 | 0.02475* |
Medium-High | 70 | 41.79 | 13.7 | 82 | 7.82 | 4.32 | 83 | 52.4 | 18.24 |