Table 2 Associations between social interaction, exposure to adverse life events and depressive symptoms in the visual impairment population (n = 736), unadjusted and fully adjusted for covariates and each of the main independent variables
Unadjusted | Fully adjusted | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Exp(β) (95% CI) | p-value | Exp(β) (95% CI) | p-value | |
Social isolation | ||||
Hardly ever | 1 [Referent] | 1 [Referent] | ||
Some/often | 2.33 (2.02–2.70) | < .001 | 1.89 (1.63–2.20) | < .001 |
Social support | ||||
High | 1 [Referent] | 1 [Referent] | ||
Low/moderate | 1.99 (1.69–2.35) | < .001 | 1.55 (1.31–1.83) | < .001 |
Adverse exposure | ||||
None | 1 [Referent] | 1 [Referent] | ||
Bullying only | 1.41 (1.19–1.67) | < .001 | 1.13 (0.95–1.33) | .16 |
Abuse | 2.16 (1.79–2.59) | < .001 | 1.41 (1.17–1.70) | < .001 |
Covariates | ||||
Age (Continuous)a | 0.89 (0.85–0.93) | < .001 | 0.91 (0.87–0.95) | < .001 |
Gender | ||||
Men | 1 [Referent] | 1 [Referent] | ||
Women | 1.25 (1.08–1.45) | .003 | 1.32 (1.15–1.51) | < .001 |
Education | ||||
≥ 14 years | 1 [Referent] | 1 [Referent] | ||
< 14 years | 1.15 (1.00–1.34) | .06 | 1.09 (0.94–1.25) | .26 |
Place of residence | ||||
Village/town | 1 [Referent] | 1 [Referent] | ||
Small/large city | 0.80 (0.69–0.92) | .002 | 1.08 (0.93–1.24) | .32 |
Marital status | ||||
Married/cohabitant | 1 [Referent] | 1 [Referent] | ||
Unmarried | 1.14 (0.99–1.32) | .07 | 0.90 (0.78–1.03) | .14 |
VI severity | ||||
Moderate/other | 1 [Referent] | 1 [Referent] | ||
Severe | 1.02 (0.86–1.21) | .85 | 0.92 (0.78–1.08) | .29 |
Blind | 0.91 (0.75–1.11) | .35 | 0.94 (0.79–1.13) | .51 |
Years since VI onset | ||||
Congenital | 1 [Referent] | 1 [Referent] | ||
Acquired, ≥ 20 years | 0.88 (0.73–1.07) | .21 | 0.97 (0.80–1.18) | 0.76 |
Acquired, < 20 years | 1.30 (1.10–1.53) | .002 | 1.41 (1.20–1.66) | < .001 |
Other impairments | ||||
No | 1 [Referent] | 1 [Referent] | ||
Yes | 1.63 (1.40–1.90) | < .001 | 1.29 (1.12–1.50) | .001 |