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Table 4 Scale scores (mean ± S.D.) of the six factors in healthy volunteers (controls, n = 738), patients in manic (n = 45), hypomanic (n = 111), bipolar depressive (n = 316), and major depressive (n = 192) states

From: Symptom continuum reported by affective disorder patients through a structure-validated questionnaire

Factor

Controls

Manic state

Hypomanic state

Bipolar depressive

Major depressive

Cohen’s d

Psychomotor Acceleration

5.69 ± 2.28

7.33 ± 1.26a

7.30 ± .96a

7.22 ± 1.28a

3.59 ± 2.72abcd

.734 ~ 1.859

Hopelessness

1.92 ± 1.93

2.44 ± 2.26

5.45 ± 2.87ab

4.21 ± 3.08abc

7.22 ± 2.61abcd

.410 ~ 2.538

Suicide Tendency

.15 ± .58

.38 ± .98

1.35 ± 2.07ab

.78 ± 1.60ac

2.24 ± 2.28abcd

.329 ~ 1.807

Overactivation

1.19 ± 1.42

4.09 ± 1.49a

1.13 ± 1.15b

2.66 ± 2.03abc

.90 ± 1.02b

.725 ~ 2.803

Retardation

1.67 ± 1.64

2.13 ± 1.80

3.85 ± 2.52ab

3.37 ± 2.60ab

5.04 ± 2.28abcd

.493 ~ 1.882

Distraction/ Impulsivity

1.80 ± 1.49

3.80 ± 1.78a

2.95 ± 1.37ab

3.69 ± 1.59 ac

1.89 ± 1.30bc

.482 ~ 1.362

  1. Note: ap < .01 vs. controls; bp < .01 vs. manic; cp < .01 vs. hypomanic; and dp < .01 vs. bipolar depressive