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Table 1 Comparisons of baseline socio-demographic factors, lifestyle behaviors, disease history, and frailty status according to cognitive status

From: Cognitive function and its transitions in predicting all-cause mortality among urban community-dwelling older adults

Variables

Cognitive impairment N (%)

p value

No (N = 779)

Yes (N = 142)

Socio-demographic factors

 Men

427 (54.81)

51 (35.92)

< 0.001

Age (years)

73.26 ± 6.02

78.15 ± 7.27

< 0.001

 65–74

493 (63.29)

47 (33.10)

 

 75–84

249 (31.96)

63 (44.37)

 

   ≥ 85

37 (4.75)

32 (22.54)

 

Education

  

< 0.001

 No education

68 (8.73)

36 (25.35)

 

 Primary education

217 (27.86)

44 (30.99)

 

 Secondary or tertiary education

494 (63.41)

62 (43.66)

 

Married

582 (74.71)

77 (54.23)

< 0.001

Body mass index (kg/m2)

24.43 ± 3.42

23.95 ± 3.82

0.13

  < 18.5

26 (3.34)

11 (7.75)

 

 18.5–24.9

449 (57.64)

80 (56.34)

 

 25–29.9

264 (33.89)

42 (29.58)

 

  ≥ 30

40 (5.13)

9 (6.34)

 

Lifestyle behaviors

 Smoking

72 (9.24)

12 (8.45)

0.87

 Alcohol drinking

107 (13.74)

10 (7.04)

0.04

 Physical activity

576 (73.94)

90 (63.38)

0.01

Disease history

 Hypertension

390 (50.06)

81 (57.04)

0.15

 Diabetes Mellitus

125 (16.05)

27 (19.01)

0.45

 Heart disease

227 (29.14)

51 (35.92)

0.13

 Hyperlipidemia

200 (25.67)

30 (21.13)

0.30

 Gout

87 (11.17)

16 (11.27)

1.00

 Hyperuricemia

76 (9.76)

19 (13.38)

0.25

 Arthritis

154 (19.77)

29 (20.42)

0.95

 Osteoporosis

136 (17.46)

30 (21.13)

0.35

 Stroke

39 (5.01)

17 (11.97)

0.003

 Cataract

333 (42.75)

90 (63.38)

< 0.001

 Cancer

136 (17.46)

30 (21.13)

0.35

 Fall history

160 (20.54)

55 (38.73)

< 0.001

 Sleep disturbance

345 (44.29)

71 (50.00)

0.24

Frailty status

63 (8.09)

38 (26.76)

< 0.001

Frailty components

 Shrinking

98 (12.58)

23 (16.20)

0.30

 Poor endurance and energy

28 (3.59)

9 (6.34)

0.19

 Low physical activity

132 (16.94)

35 (24.65)

0.04

 Slowness

238 (30.55)

93 (65.49)

< 0.001

 Weakness

202 (25.93)

72 (50.70)

< 0.001

  1. Mean ± standard deviation for continuous variables; numbers (percentage) for categorical variables