Variables | Cognitive impairment N (%) | p value | |
---|---|---|---|
No (N = 779) | Yes (N = 142) | ||
Socio-demographic factors | |||
 Men | 427 (54.81) | 51 (35.92) | < 0.001 |
Age (years) | 73.26 ± 6.02 | 78.15 ± 7.27 | < 0.001 |
 65–74 | 493 (63.29) | 47 (33.10) |  |
 75–84 | 249 (31.96) | 63 (44.37) |  |
   ≥ 85 | 37 (4.75) | 32 (22.54) |  |
Education |  |  | < 0.001 |
 No education | 68 (8.73) | 36 (25.35) |  |
 Primary education | 217 (27.86) | 44 (30.99) |  |
 Secondary or tertiary education | 494 (63.41) | 62 (43.66) |  |
Married | 582 (74.71) | 77 (54.23) | < 0.001 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.43 ± 3.42 | 23.95 ± 3.82 | 0.13 |
  < 18.5 | 26 (3.34) | 11 (7.75) |  |
 18.5–24.9 | 449 (57.64) | 80 (56.34) |  |
 25–29.9 | 264 (33.89) | 42 (29.58) |  |
  ≥ 30 | 40 (5.13) | 9 (6.34) |  |
Lifestyle behaviors | |||
 Smoking | 72 (9.24) | 12 (8.45) | 0.87 |
 Alcohol drinking | 107 (13.74) | 10 (7.04) | 0.04 |
 Physical activity | 576 (73.94) | 90 (63.38) | 0.01 |
Disease history | |||
 Hypertension | 390 (50.06) | 81 (57.04) | 0.15 |
 Diabetes Mellitus | 125 (16.05) | 27 (19.01) | 0.45 |
 Heart disease | 227 (29.14) | 51 (35.92) | 0.13 |
 Hyperlipidemia | 200 (25.67) | 30 (21.13) | 0.30 |
 Gout | 87 (11.17) | 16 (11.27) | 1.00 |
 Hyperuricemia | 76 (9.76) | 19 (13.38) | 0.25 |
 Arthritis | 154 (19.77) | 29 (20.42) | 0.95 |
 Osteoporosis | 136 (17.46) | 30 (21.13) | 0.35 |
 Stroke | 39 (5.01) | 17 (11.97) | 0.003 |
 Cataract | 333 (42.75) | 90 (63.38) | < 0.001 |
 Cancer | 136 (17.46) | 30 (21.13) | 0.35 |
 Fall history | 160 (20.54) | 55 (38.73) | < 0.001 |
 Sleep disturbance | 345 (44.29) | 71 (50.00) | 0.24 |
Frailty status | 63 (8.09) | 38 (26.76) | < 0.001 |
Frailty components | |||
 Shrinking | 98 (12.58) | 23 (16.20) | 0.30 |
 Poor endurance and energy | 28 (3.59) | 9 (6.34) | 0.19 |
 Low physical activity | 132 (16.94) | 35 (24.65) | 0.04 |
 Slowness | 238 (30.55) | 93 (65.49) | < 0.001 |
 Weakness | 202 (25.93) | 72 (50.70) | < 0.001 |