Skip to main content

Table 2 The association between individual socio-demographic, social and clinical characteristics, and anxiety among participants

From: Depression, anxiety, and associated factors in patients with diabetes: evidence from the anxiety, depression, and personality traits in diabetes mellitus (ADAPT-DM) study

Variables

Crude OR (95% CI)

p-value

Age

0.99 (0.96–1.02)

0.585

Gender

 Male

1

 

 Female

0 .75 (0 .34–1.68)

0.485

Ethnicity:

 Non-Malays

1

 

 Malays

0 .39 (0.18–0.88)

0.022*

Marital status:

 Married

1

 

 Not married

1.73 (0.58–5.17)

0.331

Education:

 Secondary & below

1

 

 Tertiary

1.05 (0.47–2.35)

0.905

Employment:

 Employed

1

 

 Unemployed

0.53 (0.20–1.36)

0.186*

 Retired

0.34 (0.13–0.91)

0.032*

Household income:

  < RM3,000

1

 

 RM3,000–6000

0.41 (0.12–1.42)

0.158*

  > RM6,000

0.38 (0.11–1.32)

0.127*

Regular religious practice:

 Disagree

1

 

 Neutral

0.18 (0.03–1.06)

0.058*

 Agree

0.34 (0.10–1.11)

0.074*

Perceived social support:

 Poor

1

 

 Neutral

1.05 (0.19–5.76)

0.953

 Good

0.26 (0.05–1.36)

0.311

Cigarette smoking:

 Non-smoker

1

 

 Smoker

1.58 (0.69–3.61)

0.276

Alcohol:

 No

1

 

 Yes

0.38 (0.05–2.93)

0.354

Recreational drug use:

 No

1

 

 Yes

2.59 (0.28–24.01)

0.403

Obesity:

 BMI < 25

1

 

 BMI 25–30

1.99 (0.64–6.14)

0.254

 BMI > 30

1.33 (0.36–4.94)

0.667

Diabetes mellitus type:

 Type I or gestational diabetes

1

 

 Type II diabetes

2.74 (0.36–21.00)

0.333

Insulin therapy:

 No

1

 

 Yes

1.51 (0.64–3.57)

0.350

Good self-perceived diabetic management:

 Disagree

1

 

 Neutral

0.19 (0.05–0.69)

0.011*

 Agree

0.10 (0.03–0.31)

<  0.001*

Diabetic control:

 Good

1

 

 Poor

1.61 (0.63–4.13)

0.322

Depression:

 No depression

1

 

 Depression

36.68 (12.00–112.06)

<  0.001*

Overall perception of QOL:

 Poor/very poor

1

 

 Neutral

0.10 (0.02–0.48)

0.004*

 Good/very good

0.03 (0.01–0.14)

<  0.001*

Overall perception of health

 Poor/very poor

1

 

 Neutral

0.18 (0.07–0.46)

<  0.001*

 Good/very good

0.09 (0.03–0.27)

<  0.001*

WHOQOL-BREF domains

 Physical health

0.72 (0.61–0.85)

<  0.001*

 Psychological

0.48 (0.38–0.62)

<  0.001*

 Social relationships

0.61 (0.51–0.74)

<  0.001*

 Environment

0.60 (0.48–0.56)

<  0.001*

BFI subscales

 Extraversion

0.38 (0.17–0.85)

0.018*

 Agreeableness

0.20 (0.07–0.54)

0.001*

 Conscientiousness

0.52 (0.22–1.23)

0.135*

 Neuroticism

16.84 (6.16–40.01)

<  0.001*

 Openness

1.91 (0.85–4.29)

0.119*

 Neuroticism x perceived social support

1.24 (1.06–1.46)

0.009*

  1. *p-value < 0.25