Variables | Crude OR (95% CI) | p-value |
---|---|---|
Age | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) | 0.585 |
Gender | ||
 Male | 1 |  |
 Female | 0 .75 (0 .34–1.68) | 0.485 |
Ethnicity: | ||
 Non-Malays | 1 |  |
 Malays | 0 .39 (0.18–0.88) | 0.022* |
Marital status: | ||
 Married | 1 |  |
 Not married | 1.73 (0.58–5.17) | 0.331 |
Education: | ||
 Secondary & below | 1 |  |
 Tertiary | 1.05 (0.47–2.35) | 0.905 |
Employment: | ||
 Employed | 1 |  |
 Unemployed | 0.53 (0.20–1.36) | 0.186* |
 Retired | 0.34 (0.13–0.91) | 0.032* |
Household income: | ||
  < RM3,000 | 1 |  |
 RM3,000–6000 | 0.41 (0.12–1.42) | 0.158* |
  > RM6,000 | 0.38 (0.11–1.32) | 0.127* |
Regular religious practice: | ||
 Disagree | 1 |  |
 Neutral | 0.18 (0.03–1.06) | 0.058* |
 Agree | 0.34 (0.10–1.11) | 0.074* |
Perceived social support: | ||
 Poor | 1 |  |
 Neutral | 1.05 (0.19–5.76) | 0.953 |
 Good | 0.26 (0.05–1.36) | 0.311 |
Cigarette smoking: | ||
 Non-smoker | 1 |  |
 Smoker | 1.58 (0.69–3.61) | 0.276 |
Alcohol: | ||
 No | 1 |  |
 Yes | 0.38 (0.05–2.93) | 0.354 |
Recreational drug use: | ||
 No | 1 |  |
 Yes | 2.59 (0.28–24.01) | 0.403 |
Obesity: | ||
 BMI < 25 | 1 |  |
 BMI 25–30 | 1.99 (0.64–6.14) | 0.254 |
 BMI > 30 | 1.33 (0.36–4.94) | 0.667 |
Diabetes mellitus type: | ||
 Type I or gestational diabetes | 1 |  |
 Type II diabetes | 2.74 (0.36–21.00) | 0.333 |
Insulin therapy: | ||
 No | 1 |  |
 Yes | 1.51 (0.64–3.57) | 0.350 |
Good self-perceived diabetic management: | ||
 Disagree | 1 |  |
 Neutral | 0.19 (0.05–0.69) | 0.011* |
 Agree | 0.10 (0.03–0.31) | <  0.001* |
Diabetic control: | ||
 Good | 1 |  |
 Poor | 1.61 (0.63–4.13) | 0.322 |
Depression: | ||
 No depression | 1 |  |
 Depression | 36.68 (12.00–112.06) | <  0.001* |
Overall perception of QOL: | ||
 Poor/very poor | 1 |  |
 Neutral | 0.10 (0.02–0.48) | 0.004* |
 Good/very good | 0.03 (0.01–0.14) | <  0.001* |
Overall perception of health | ||
 Poor/very poor | 1 |  |
 Neutral | 0.18 (0.07–0.46) | <  0.001* |
 Good/very good | 0.09 (0.03–0.27) | <  0.001* |
WHOQOL-BREF domains | ||
 Physical health | 0.72 (0.61–0.85) | <  0.001* |
 Psychological | 0.48 (0.38–0.62) | <  0.001* |
 Social relationships | 0.61 (0.51–0.74) | <  0.001* |
 Environment | 0.60 (0.48–0.56) | <  0.001* |
BFI subscales | ||
 Extraversion | 0.38 (0.17–0.85) | 0.018* |
 Agreeableness | 0.20 (0.07–0.54) | 0.001* |
 Conscientiousness | 0.52 (0.22–1.23) | 0.135* |
 Neuroticism | 16.84 (6.16–40.01) | <  0.001* |
 Openness | 1.91 (0.85–4.29) | 0.119* |
 Neuroticism x perceived social support | 1.24 (1.06–1.46) | 0.009* |