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Table 1 Variables explored in current study and prior research

From: Factors and predictors of length of stay in offenders diagnosed with schizophrenia - a machine-learning-based approach

variable in current study

categorization in current study

prior research with similar variable

Socio-demographic variables

 age at admission

numerical

[1, 6, 14, 16, 17, 26,27,28,29,30]

 gender

dichotomous (female, male)

[1, 5, 6, 15, 16, 26, 27, 30, 34, 42]

 marital status at time of index offence

dichotomous (married, single)

[5, 6, 15, 16, 26,27,28, 31, 35]

 level of education

dichotomous (graduation from mandatory schooling/ no graduation from mandatory schooling)

[1, 6, 14, 16, 28, 34, 35]

 employment at time of index offence

unemployed/ employed/ other (retired…)

[5, 6, 16, 26, 27, 35]

 country of birth Switzerland

dichotomous (yes/ no)

[5,6,7, 14, 16, 17, 26,27,28, 30, 34]

 religion

Catholic/Muslim/other

[6, 28]

 homelessness at index offence

dichotomous (yes/ no)

[1, 15, 16]

Childhood variables

 childhood history of physical abuse

dichotomous (yes/ no)

[5]

 childhood history of sexual abuse

dichotomous (yes/ no)

[7]

 relationship instability in childhood

dichotomous (yes/ no)

[5, 7, 17]

 parental psychiatric history

dichotomous (yes/ no)

[5, 7]

 sexual deviation in childhood

dichotomous (yes/ no)

[7]

 psychiatric admission in childhood

dichotomous (yes/ no)

[5, 6]

 alcohol abuse in childhood

dichotomous (yes/ no)

[5, 35]

 school maladjustment

dichotomous (yes/ no)

[5, 35]

 poor family socioeconomic status (according to the definition of poverty by the Swiss Federal Statistical Office 2016 [45])

dichotomous (yes/ no)

[35]

 childhood aggression

dichotomous (yes/ no)

[5, 35]

 separation from caregiver

dichotomous (yes/ no)

[5, 35]

Offence related variables

 index offence leading to admission

homicide, including attempted/assault/threat, coercion/sexual abuse of children/rape, sexual assault/other sexual offence/ property crime without violence/property crime with violence/arson/criminal damage/traffic offences/offences against the controlled substances act/offences against the weapons act/other offences

[1, 5,6,7, 14,15,16,17, 27,28,29,30,31, 34, 35]

 age at index offence

numeric

[1, 5,6,7, 35]

 number of index offences

numeric

[6, 35]

 any previous conviction

dichotomous (yes/ no)

[5,6,7, 14,15,16,17, 28, 30, 31]

 age at first conviction

numeric

[5,6,7, 16, 17, 30]

 victim injured deadly/severely

dichotomous (yes/ no)

[34, 35]

 number of victims

numeric

[34]

 victim known to offender

dichotomous (yes/ no)

[34, 35]

 alcohol involved at offence

dichotomous (yes/ no)

[42]

 previous forensic psychiatric admissions

dichotomous (yes/ no)

[15,16,17]

 withdrawal of conditional release

dichotomous (yes/ no)

[16]

 residual criminal responsibility

dichotomous (yes/ no)

[6, 16]

Psychiatric variables

 number of previous psychiatric admissions

numeric

[5, 6, 14,15,16,17, 30, 31, 35]

 age at first admission

numeric

[14, 16, 30]

 specific schizophrenic spectrum disorder

schizophrenia/schizotypal disorder/acute psychotic disorder/schizoaffective disorder

[1, 5,6,7, 14,15,16,17, 27, 28, 30, 31, 35, 42]

 personality disorder lifetime

dichotomous (yes/ no)

[1, 5, 6, 14,15,16,17, 27, 30, 31, 35]

 mood disorder lifetime

dichotomous (yes/ no)

[1, 5, 6, 14,15,16, 27, 28, 42]

 alcohol abuse lifetime

dichotomous (yes/ no)

[6, 15, 17, 31, 35]

 substance abuse lifetime

dichotomous (yes/ no)

[5,6,7, 15,16,17, 27, 28, 31]

 sexual deviation

dichotomous (yes/ no)

[5, 7]

 level of intelligence

high/average/low

[6, 7, 16, 35]

 history of self-harming

dichotomous (yes/ no)

[6]

 history of suicide attempt(s)

dichotomous (yes/ no)

[6]

 delusions prior to admission

dichotomous (yes/ no)

[5, 27]

 hallucinations prior to admission

dichotomous (yes/ no)

[5, 27]

 cognitive impairment prior to admission

dichotomous (yes/ no)

[6]

Current forensic hospitalization

 violent incidents

dichotomous (yes/ no)

[1, 5, 6, 16, 31, 42]

 self-harming

dichotomous (yes/ no)

[6]

 suicide attempt(s)

dichotomous (yes/ no)

[6, 16, 42]

 attempts to substance use

dichotomous (yes/ no)

[1]

 escape attempt(s)

dichotomous (yes/ no)

[1, 6, 16]

 performance in occupational work

good/average/low

[6, 26]

 difficulties during psychological therapy

dichotomous (yes/ no)

[6]

 pharmacological treatment

dichotomous (yes/ no)

[6, 7, 15]

 contact with family/friends

dichotomous (yes/ no)

[6]

 changes in diagnosis during current treatment

Dichotomous (yes/ no)

[6]

 admission source into current hospitalization

none/supervised living facility/prison/other forensic hospital/psychiatry

[6, 30]

 involuntary medication

dichotomous (yes/ no)

[31]

 insight into wrongfulness of offence

dichotomous (yes/ no)

[35]

 adherence (insight into illness and need of therapy)

dichotomous (yes/ no)

[26]

 PANSS at admission

numeric

[28, 29]

 PANSS at discharge

numeric

[28, 29]