Table 1 Characteristics of assays and main findings of included delirium studies*
Author and year | Participants | Endpoints | Biomarkers studied | Biological material | Assay method | Covariates accounted for in multivariate analysis | Results | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (N) | Sample | Total participants with cancer/total participants in the study | Number of delirium with cancer/total number delirium (%) | Positive association with at least one delirium endpoint ** | Negative association | ||||||
Egberts et al. (2017) [24] | 86 | Aged ≥65 admitted to geriatrics | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium presence | CRP, NLR | Blood | Flow cytometry | Age, gender, the CCI score, CRP level, and WBC counts | NLR | CRP |
Kozak et al. (2017) [25] | 60 | Patients with acute ischemic stroke | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium presence | TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-18, BDNF, NSE | Serum | ELISA | No multivariate analysis | None | TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-18, BDNF, NSE |
Tomasi et al. (2017) [26] | 38 | Patients with sepsis-associated delirium and non-sepsis associated deliriuma | Not measured/NR Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium presence | IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, BDNF, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, MPO, cathepsin, PDGF-AA, PDGF-AB/BB, RANTES, PAI, NCAM | Plasma | ELISA | No multivariate analysis | IL-6, IL-10, RANTES, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, PDGF-AB/BB | IL-8, MPO, BDNF, NCAM, PDGF-AA, PAI, Cathepsin D |
Vasunilashorn et al. (2017) [27] | 560 | Patients ≥70 undergoing major non-cardiac surgerya | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | -Delirium incidence -Delirium duration -Delirium severity | CRP | Plasma | ELISA | Age, sex, surgical procedure, anesthesia route, CCI and POST-OP infectious complications | CRP | None |
Chu et al. (2016) [28] | 103 | Patients aged ≥70 admitted for acute or elective vertebral, knee, or hip surgery | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium incidence | IGF-1 | Serum | ELISA | MMSE and age | None | IGF-1 |
Dillon et al. (2016) [28] | Entire sample (n-566); pooled sample (n=150) | Dementia-free adults ≥70 years old undergoing major scheduled non-cardiac surgerya | Advanced cancer excluded; other cancer stages NR | Advanced cancer excluded; other cancer stages NR | Delirium incidence | Proteomicsb | Plasma | ELISA | No multivariate analysis | CRP (PRE-OP, PACU, POD2) | CRP (PO1MO) |
Guo et al. (2016) [29] | 572 | Aged ≥65 with hip fractures undergoing THAa | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | -Delirium presence -Delirium prevalence | CRP, Alb, Hb | Blood | NR | NR | CRP, Alb, Hb | None |
Karlicic et al. (2016) [30] | 120 | Patients with delirium in the psychiatric ICU | None | Cancer excluded | Lethal outcome | CRP | NR | NR | Age, pneumonia and CRP | CRP | None |
Neerland et al. (2016) [31] | 149 | Patients with acute hip fracture | Advanced cancer excluded, other cancer stages NR | Advanced cancer excluded, other cancer stages NR | Delirium presence | CRP, IL-6, sIL-6R | CSF | ELISA | No multivariate analysis | CRPb | sIL-6R, IL-6 |
Shenet al.(2016) [32] | 140 | Patients ≥65 undergoing elective gastrointestinal tumor resectiona | 140/140 (100) | 36/36 (100) | -Delirium incidence -Delirium severity | IGF-1, CRP, IL-6 | Serum | ELISA | NR | IGF-1, CRP, IL-6 | None |
Sunet al.(2016) [33] | 112 | Oral cancer patientsa | 112/112 (100) | 56/56 (100) | Delirium incidence | IL-6, CRP, PCT, cortisol, AB1-40 | Blood | ELISA | No multivariate analysis | IL-6, CRP, PCT, cortisol, AB1-40 | None |
Yen et al. (2016) [34] | 98 | Patients undergoing elective knee replacement surgery | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium incidence | IGF-1 | Serum | ELISA | Obstructive sleep apnea, IGF-1 and diabetes | None | IGF-1 |
Avila-Funeset al.(2015) [35] | 141 | Patients aged ≥70 admitted to tertiary care hospital | 37/141 (26.2) | 6/23 (26) | Delirium incidence | Cortisol, E2 | Blood | Radioimmunoassay | Age, BMI, comorbidity, MMSE, previous history of delirium, BUN/Cr ratio, and cortisol levels | E2 | Cortisol |
Brumet al.(2015) [36] | 70 | Oncology inpatientsa | 45-70 (64.2) | 17/17 (100) | Delirium presence | BDNF, TNF-α | Serum | ELISA + Flow cytometry | No multivariate analysis | None | BDNF, TNF-α |
Egberts et al. (2015) [37] | 86 | Patients admitted to Internal Medicine and Geriatricsa | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium presence | NP, IL-6, IGF-1 | Plasma | HPLC | Age, gender and the CCI, and those including NP were adjusted for age, gender, CCI, tertiles of eGFR and CRP | NP, IL-6, IGF-1 | None |
Foroughanet al. (2015) [38] | 200 | Elderly patients admitted to general hospital | 18/200 (9) | 12/44 (27) | Delirium presence | CRP, Hb | Blood | NR | NR | CRP, Hb | None |
Skrede et al. (2015) [39] | 10 | Patients with hip fracture | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium incidence | MCP-1 | Serum | ELISA | No multivariate analysis | MCP-1 | None |
Vasunilashorn et al. (2015) [40] | 566 | Patients ≥70 undergoing major non-cardiac surgerya | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium incidence | IL-1Β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IFN-γ, GM-CSF, TNF-α, VEGF | Plasma | Luminex assay | No multivariate analysis | IL-1Β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, VEGF, IL-5, TNF-α | GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-4 |
Alexander et al. (2014) [41] | 77 | ICU patients requiring mechanical ventilation | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | -Delirium presence -Delirium duration | IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, APOE | Serum | ELISA | Age, sex, APACHE III, CCI, 24-hour propofol dose, 24-hour narcotic dose, and 24-hour benzodiazepine dose. | APOE | IL-10, IL-8, IL-6 |
Baranyi et al. (2014) [42] | 34 | Patients undergoing surgery for CPBa | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium incidence | sIL-2R | Serum | ELISA | No multivariate analysis | sIL-2R | None |
Cape et al. (2014) [43] | 43 | Patients >60 years old with hip fracture | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | -Delirium incidence -Delirium prevalence | IL-1β, IFN-γ, GFAP, IGF-1, IL-1RA | CSF | ELISA | Presence of prior dementia | IL-1β, IL-1RAc | GFAP, IFN-γ, IGF-1 |
Capri et al. (2014) [44] | 351 | Patients admitted for any kind of emergency or elective surgerya | Comorbidity measured, cancer NR | Comorbidity measured, cancer NR | Delirium presence | IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α | Plasma | ELISA | Age, comorbidity, ADL, IADL, HADS and pre-op benzodiazepines intake | IL-6, IL-2 | IL-8, IL-10, IL-1β (UDL), TNF-α (UDL) |
Chen et al. (2014) [45] | 372 | Patients aged ≥65 who underwent surgery for a femoral neck fracture or an intertrochanteric fracturea | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium presence | LP | Plasma | ELISA | Age, ASA, type of surgery and plasma leptin level | LP | None |
Hatta et al. (2014) [46] | 29 | Patients aged 65-89 admitted to hospital due to an emergency | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium incidence | NK cell activity, IL-1β | Blood | ELISA | No multivariate analysis | NK cell activity | IL-1β |
Kazmierski et al. (2014) [47] | 113 | ICU patients scheduled for CABG surgery with CPB | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium incidence | Cortisol, IL-2, TNF-α, HCY, cobalamin | Serum | CLIA | NR | Cortisol, IL-2, TNF-α, HCY | Cobalamin |
Ritchie et al. (2014) [48] | 710 | Patients admitted to a Medical Acute Admission Unit | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | -Delirium incidence -Delirium severity | CRP | NR | NR | NR | CRP | None |
Ritter et al. (2014) [49] | 78 | ICU patients | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium presence | TNF-α, STNFR-1, STNFR2, APN, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 | Plasma | ELISA | Sedation and sepsis | STNFR-1, STNFR2, IL-1β | TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 |
Zhang et al. (2014) [50] | 223 | ICU patients | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium presence | CRP | Plasma | i-CHROMATM | Age, sex, APACHE II, intubation status, living alone, physical restraint, alcohol drinking, smoking, type of medical condition, and hospital LOS before ICU admission | CRP | None |
Cerejeira et al. (2013) [51] | 101 | Patients ≥60 years without dementia undergoing elective hip arthroplastya | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium incidence | Cortisol, IGF-1, CRP, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 | Plasma | ELISA | No multivariate analysis | Cortisol | CRP, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IGF-1 |
Colkesen et al. (2013) [52] | 52 | Patients with ACS admitted to coronary ICUa | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium presence | Cortisol, troponin I, MB-CK | Serum | CLIA | NR | Cortisol | Troponin I, MB-CK |
Kazmierski et al. (2013) a [53] | 113 | ICU patients scheduled for CABG surgery with CPB | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium incidence | Cortisol, IL-2 | Plasma | CLIA | NR | Cortisold, IL-2 | None |
Kazmierski et al. (2013) b [54] | 113 | ICU patients scheduled for CABG surgery with CPB | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium incidence | IL-2, TNF-α | Plasma | CLIA | NR | Il-2, TNF-α | None |
Liu et al. (2013) [55] | 338 | Patients aged ≥60 undergoing major non-cardiac surgerya | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium incidence | IL-6 | Blood | ELISA | Age, education, history of coronary artery disease, alcoholism, PRE-OP ASA ≥ 3, PRE-OP NYHA ≥ 2, PRE-OP MMSE score ≤ 24, PRE-OP serum IL-6 ≥ 7.5 ph/ml, POST-OP serum IL-6, POST-OP VAS pain level | IL-6 | None |
Plaschke et al. (2013) [56] | 114 | 1. Patients following heart surgerya 2. Patients on the non-cardiac ICUa | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium incidence | IL-6 | Plasma | ELISA | No multivariate analysis | None | IL-6 |
Skrobik et al. (2013) [57] | 99 | ICU patientsa | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Drug-induced coma and delirium | TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, MIP-1B, MCP-1 | Blood | BCA | Fentanyl, midazolam, CYP3A4/5, P-gp inhibitors | IL-6 | TNF-α, IL-17, IL-8, MCP-1, IL-1RA, MIP-1B, IL-10, IL-1β |
Westhoff et al. (2013) [58] | 61 | Patients ≥75 admitted for surgical repair of acute hip fracturea | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium incidence | EGF, eotaxin, FGF-2, Flt-3L, Fractalkine, G-CSF, GM- CSF, IFN-a2, IFN-γ, IL-1RA, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, sIL-2Ra, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, IP-10, MCP-1, MCP-3, MDC, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, PDGF-AA, PDGF-AB/BB, RANTES, sCD40L, TGF-α, TNF-α, TNF-β, VEGF | Blood + CSF | Lumbar punctures and Luminex assays | No multivariate analysis | Flt-3L, IL-1RA, IL-6 | EGF, eotaxin, FGF-2, Fractalkine, G-CSF, GM- CSF, IFN-a2, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, sIL-2Ra, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, IP-10, MCP-1, MCP-3, MDC, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, PDGF-AA, PDGF-AB/BB, RANTES, sCD40L, TGF-α, TNF-α, TNF-β, VEGF |
Bakker et al. (2012) [59] | 201 | Patients undergoing cardiac surgery | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium incidence | Cre | Plasma | NR | NR | Cre | None |
Baranyi et al. (2012) [60] | 34 | Patients undergoing surgery for cardiopulmonary bypassa | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium incidence | Alb, CRP | Serum | NR | No multivariate analysis | Alb | CRP |
Cerejeira et al. (2012) [61] | 101 | Patients aged ≥60 undergoing elective total hip arthroplastya | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium incidence | IL-8, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, CRP, AChE, BuChE | Blood | ELISA (Multiplex assay) | No multivariate analysis | AChE, BuCHE | CRP, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 |
Girard et al. (2012) [62] | 138 | Mechanically ventilated ICU patientsa | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium incidence | CRP, MMP-9, MPO, NGAL, sTNFR1, D-dimer, protein C, PAI-1, VWF | Plasma | ELISA | Age, severity of illness, and severe sepsis | MMP-9, Protein C, sTNF-R1 | CRP, MPO, NGAL, D-dimer, PAI-1, VWF |
Osse et al. (2012) [63] | 125 | Patients ≥70 undergoing elective cardiac surgery | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium incidence | NP, BH4, HVA, Glu, Ser, Gly, Cit, Tau, Arg, Met, Try, Tyr, Phe, Leu, Ile, Val, Try:LNAA, Tyr:LNAA, Phe:LNAA, Phe:tyr, Cit:arg, Tau:Ser 9 met | Plasma | HPLC | BH4, total biopterin, HVA, ratios of Trp:LNAA, tyr: LNAA, phe: LNAA, phe: Tyr, Cit:Arg, TSM ratio; baseline CRP, plasma urea, cre, age, sex, type of surgery, acute cardiac surgical risk factors, EuroSCORE, MMSE, pre-op anxiety and depression, and chronic medical comorbidity | NP, HVA | BH4, Glu, Ser, Gly, Cit, Tau, Arg, Met, Try, Tyr, Phe, Leu, Ile, Val, Try:LNAA, Tyr:LNAA, Phe:LNAA, Phe:tyr, Cit:arg, Tau:Ser 9 met |
Bisschop et al. (2011) [64] | 143 | Patients undergoing surgery for hip fracture | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | -Delirium presence -Delirium severity | Cortisol, insulin, glucose | Blood | NR | Sex, age, pre-existing cognitive impairment, pre-existing functional impairment, cortisol, glucose, insulin, insulin:glucose | Cortisol | Glucose, insulin |
Holmes et al. (2011) [65] | 222 | Patients with mild to severe AD | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | -Presence of sickness behaviour -Delirium incidence | IL-6, TNF-α, CRP | Blood | ELISA | Baseline ADAS score, age, gender, and the presence of delirium | None | Il-6, TNF-α, CRP |
Lee et al. (2011) [66] | 65 | Patients ≥65 who had undergone hip surgerya | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium incidence | CRP | Blood | NR | No multivariate analysis | None | CRP |
McGrane et al. (2011) [67] | 87 | Mechanically ventilated, medical and surgical ICU patientsa | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium/coma-free days | PCT, CRP | Blood | TRACE Assay analysis | Age, APACHE II, sedation group (dexmedetomidine vs. lorazepam), and sepsis | PCT | CRP |
Morandi et al. (2011) [68] | 110e | Mechanically ventilated medical ICU patients | Not measured/NR | NR | Delirium presence | IGF-1 | Blood | Radioimmunoassay | Age, severe sepsis and APACHE II | Â | IGF-1 |
Van der Boogaard et al. (2011) a [69] | 100 | ICU patientsa | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium presence | TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, IL-18, MIF, IL-1RA, IL-10, MCP-1, HNP-1, CRP, PCT, Ab1-42, Ab1-40, S100B, cortisol | Plasma | Luminex assay, immunologic detection, and an immunometric assay | NR | Delirium vs non-delirium: IL-8f, IL-10g, Ratio Aβ1-42/40, TNF-α, IL-6, MIF, IL-1RA, MCP-1, PCT, cortisol, ABN-42 Inflamed delirium vs non-inflamed delirium: IL-8, TNF-α, IL-18, IL-1RA, MCP-1, PCT, CRP, ratio Aβ1-40/N-40, ratio AβN-42/40, | Delirium vs non-delirium: IL-1Β, IL-17, IL-18, HNP, CRP, S100B, Tau, Ratio Tau/Aβ1-42, Aβ1-42, Aβ1-40, AβN-42, AβN-40, Ratio AβN-42/40, Ratio Aβ1-42/N-42, Ratio Aβ1-40/N-40 Inflamed delirium vs non-inflamed delirium: IL-1β, IL-6, MIF, IL-10, cortisol, ABN-42, IL-1Β, IL-17, HNP, S100B, Tau, tau/AB1-42, Ratio Tau/Aβ1-42, Aβ1-42, Ratio Aβ1-42/N-42Aβ1-40, Ratio Aβ1-42/40, AβN-42, AβN-40 |
Van der Boogaard et al. (2011) b [70] | 20 | ICU patients | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium presence | Proteomicsh | Urine + Blood | NR | No multivariate analysis | Â | CRP, Cre |
Burkhart et al. (2010) [71] | 113 | Patients aged ≥65 undergoing elective cardiac surgery with CPB | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium presence | CRP | NR | NR | EuroSCORE, Leucocytes, CRP max, Fentanyl intraoperatively, duration of mechanical ventilation, packed RBC, and treated PONV | CRP | None |
Mu et al. (2010) [72] | 243 | Patients undergoing elective CABG surgery | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium incidence | Cortisol | Serum | CLIA | Age, history of diabetes mellitus, PRE-OP LVEF, PRE-OP NYHA, preop EuroSCORE score, duration of surgery, POST-OP APACHE II, serum cortisol, POST-OP LVEF, POST-OP complications (within 1 day) | Cortisol | None |
Pearson et al. (2010) [73] | 20 | Patients ≥60 with acute hip fracture awaiting surgerya | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium presence | Cortisol | CSF + serum | ELISA | No multivariate analysis | Cortisol | None |
Plaschke et al. (2010) [74] | 114i | Patients undergoing elective CABGa | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium incidence | Cortisol, IL-6 | Plasma | ELISA | No multivariate analysis | IL-6, cortisol | None |
Tsruta et al. (2010) [75] | 103 | ICU patientsa | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | -Delirium incidence -Delirium prevalence | CRP | Serum | Immunoturbidimetry | Age, APACHE II, coexistence of infection, use of a mechanical ventilator and length of ICU stay | CRP | None |
Van Munster et al. (2010) [76] | 120 | Patients ≥65 admitted for hip fracture surgery | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium presence | Cortisol, IL-6, IL-8, S100B | Plasma | CBA | Age, infection, pre-existent cognitive and functional impairment | Cortisol, IL-6, IL-8, S100B | None |
Adamis et al. (2009) [77] | 67 | Patients aged ≥70 admitted to elderly care unit | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | -Delirium incidence -Delirium severity | APOE, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-6, TNF-α, IGF-1, IFN-γ, LIF | Serum | ELISA | No Multivariate analysis | IGF-1, IFN-γ, IL-1RA, | APOE, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, LIF |
Van Munster et al. (2009) [78] | 120 | Patients ≥65 admitted for hip fracture surgery | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium incidence | S100B, NSE | Blood | ECLIA | No multivariate analysis | S100B | NSE |
Lemstra et al. (2008) [79] | 68 | Patients undergoing surgery for hip fracture | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium incidence | CRP, IL-6, IGF-1 | Blood | ELISA | No multivariate analysis | None | CRP, IL-6, IGF-1 |
Pfister et al. (2008) [80] | 16j | Patients with sepsis | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Sepsis-related delirium presence | CRP, IL-6, S-100B, cortisol | Serum | Solid-phase enzyme-labelled chemiluminescent sequential immunometric assay | No multivariate analysis | CRP, S100B, Cortisol | IL-6 |
Rudolph et al. (2008) [81] | 42 | Patients undergoing cardiac surgery | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium incidence | IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-6, IFN-a, TNF-α, TNF-R1, TNF-R2, IL-2, IL-2R, IL-7, IL-12p40_p70, IL-15, IFN-γ, IP-10, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, MIP-1a, MIP-1b, MIG, Eotaxin, RANTES, CCL-2, IL-8, GM-CSF, IL-17, DR5 | Serum | ELISA | No multivariate analysis | MIP-1a, MIP-1b, MIG, Eotaxin, RANTES, CCL-2 | IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-6, IFN-a, TNF-α, TNF-R1, TNF-R2, IL-2, IL-2R, IL-7, IL-12p40_p70, IL-15, IFN-γ, IP-10, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, IL-8, GM-CSF, IL-17, DR5 |
Van Munster et al. (2008) [82] | 98 | Patients ≥65 admitted for hip fracture surgery | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium presence | IL-6, IL-8, IL-12 (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-10 excluded from analysis) | Plasma | CBA | No multivariate analysis | Il-6, IL-8 | IL-12 |
Adamis et al. (2007) [83] | 164 | Acutely ill patients admitted to elderly care unit | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | -Delirium presence -Delirium resolution | APOE, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-6, TNF-α, IGF-1, IFN-γ, LIF, CRP | Serum | ELISA | LogAPACHE II, DRS, CRP, Gender, TNF-α, IFN-g, IGF-I, IL-1RA, and possession of APOE epsilon 4 allele | IGF-1, APOE, IFNγ | IL-6, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1RA, TNF-α, LIF, CRP |
de Rooijet al.(2007) [84] | 185 | Patients aged ≥65 admitted to the Department of Medicine | 18/185 (9.7) | 9/64 (14) | Delirium presence | IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, CRP | Serum | CBA | Age, cognitive impairment, and infection | IL-6, IL-8 | IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α, CRP |
Plaschke et al. (2007) [85] | 37 | ICU patients | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium presence | SAA, IL-6 | Blood | ELISA | No multivariate analysis for IL-6 | None | SAA, IL-6 |
White et al. (2005) [86] | 283 | Patients ≥75 from emergency medical admissions | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | -Delirium prevalence -Delirium incidence | CRP, Alb, AChE, BuChE, Aspirin esterase, Benzoylcholinesterase | Plasma | ELISA | No multivariate analysis | CRP, Alb, AChE, BuChE, Aspirin esterase, Benzoylcholinesterase | None |
Wilson et al. (2005) [87] | 100 | Patients ≥75 suffering from significant physical illness | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium incidence | IGF-1 | Plasma | CLIA | Depression, IGF-1 levels and IQCODE scores | IGF-1 | None |
Beloosesky et al. (2004) [88] | 32 | Patients undergoing surgery for hip fracture | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | -Cognition -Post-operative complications (including delirium) -Post-operative function -Mortality | CRP, FBG | Blood | Nephelometric assay | Unclear | CRP | FBG |
Robertsson et al. (2001) [89] | 172 | Patients <80 referred to the neuropsychiatric diagnostic unit with suspected dementia | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium presence | Cortisol | Serum | NR | Age, severity of dementia and severity of delirium | Cortisol | None |
Van der Mast et al. (2000) [90] | 296k | Patients admitted for elective cardiac surgery | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium incidence | Try, Ile, Val, Met, Leu, Tyr, Phe, Ser, cortisol | Plasma | HPLC | Plasma amino acids; the ratios of Trp/oLNAA, Tyr/oLNAA, and Phe/oLNAA; albumin; cortisol; and thyroid functions. | Trp, Trp:LNAA | Cortisol, Ile, Val, Met, Leu, Tyr, Phe, Ser |
Van der Mast et al. (1999) [91] | 296 | Patients admitted for elective cardiac surgery | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium incidence | Alb, cortisol, 5-HT, try, phe, val, leu, Ile, try:tyr:phe | Plasma | HPLC | Age, inclusion as an in-patient, use of nifedipine, MMSE score, GHQ score, DAL score, Albumin, ratio rT3:T3; ratio Phe:oLNAA | Alb, phe: Ile, Phe:Leu, Phe:val, Phe:tyr, Phe:try | Cortisol, 5-HT |
Gustafson et al. (1993) [92] | 155 | Stroke patients | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium presence | Cortisol | Plasma | Radioimmunoassay | Intercept, basal plasma cortisol, paresis, age, left-sided brain lesion, sex, anticholinergic medication, post-dexamethasone plasma cortisol | Cortisol | None |
McIntosh et al. (1985) [93] | 7 | Male patients admitted to hospital for elective surgery | Not measured/NR | Not measured/NR | Delirium incidence | Cortisol, B-endorphin | Plasma | Radioimmunoassay | No multivariate analysis | Cortisol, B-endorphin | None |