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Table 2 Adjusted Odds Ratios of Characteristics Associated With Membership in the Chronic, Relapse, and Gradual Recovery Classes Compared With the Rapid Recovery Class (n = 1704)

From: Longitudinal trajectories of comorbid PTSD and depression symptoms among U.S. service members and veterans

 

na

%

Chronic (24.2%)

Relapse (29.1%)

Gradual Recovery (14.4%)

aOR

95% CI

aOR

95% CI

aOR

95% CI

Demographics

Ageb

 10-year increment

29.1 (8.6)

1.67

1.21, 2.30

1.01

0.77, 1.31

1.31

0.76, 2.25

Sex

 Male

1038

60.9

Referent

Referent

Referent

 Female

666

39.1

0.83

0.51, 1.33

0.93

0.63, 1.39

1.14

0.57, 2.25

Race/ethnicity

 Non-Hispanic white

1215

71.3

Referent

Referent

Referent

 Non-Hispanic black

210

12.3

1.51

0.85, 2.68

1.32

0.79, 2.20

1.63

0.72, 3.65

 Hispanic

161

9.5

2.21

1.16, 4.16

0.76

0.41, 1.40

2.06

0.60, 7.00

 Other

118

6.9

1.38

0.66, 2.89

0.78

0.38, 1.61

0.67

0.08, 5.67

Marital status

 Single or never married

624

36.6

Referent

Referent

Referent

 Currently married

744

43.7

0.90

0.57, 1.42

1.07

0.71, 1.61

0.89

0.48, 1.63

 Widowed, divorced, or separated

336

19.7

1.09

0.60, 1.97

1.45

0.83, 2.54

0.81

0.33, 1.99

Education

 Bachelor’s degree or higher

256

15.0

Referent

Referent

Referent

 Some college

1011

59.3

2.01

0.97, 4.14

1.14

0.66, 1.96

1.97

0.32, 11.96

 High school or less

436

25.6

2.62

1.19, 5.73

0.94

0.51, 1.73

2.05

0.30, 13.76

Military characteristics

Service branch

 Army

987

57.9

Referent

Referent

Referent

 Navy, Coast Guard

281

16.5

0.49

0.26, 0.94

0.69

0.43, 1.10

1.76

0.70, 4.39

 Marine Corps

191

11.2

1.18

0.65, 2.13

0.87

0.48, 1.56

1.04

0.49, 2.18

 Air Force

245

14.4

0.59

0.30, 1.15

0.74

0.45, 1.22

1.00

0.46, 2.16

Service Component

 Active duty

1140

66.9

Referent

Referent

Referent

 Reserve, National Guard

564

33.1

0.90

0.59, 1.35

0.70

0.48, 1.02

0.91

0.50, 1.67

Pay grade

 Officer

112

6.6

Referent

Referent

Referent

 Enlisted

1592

93.4

0.90

0.33, 2.42

1.91

0.82, 4.40

0.73

0.18, 2.91

Deployment/Combatc

 None

1186

69.6

Referent

Referent

Referent

 Deployed, no combat

75

4.4

1.08

0.41, 2.84

0.72

0.34, 1.49

1.18

0.44, 3.15

 Deployed with combat

442

25.9

4.28

2.58, 7.07

1.63

1.05, 2.52

1.75

0.89, 3.44

Stressful life events

Childhood physical abuse

 Never

604

35.5

Referent

Referent

Referent

 Once or more

695

40.8

1.08

0.61, 1.88

2.42

1.49, 3.92

0.92

0.42, 2.01

 Prefer not to answer

61

3.6

3.40

0.72, 15.73

2.11

0.55, 7.96

4.34

0.63, 29.6

Childhood sexual abuse

 Never

971

57.0

Referent

Referent

Referent

 Once or more

321

18.8

1.32

0.75, 2.30

0.76

0.46, 1.24

1.28

0.50, 3.24

 Prefer not to answer

69

4.1

0.63

0.23, 1.71

0.42

0.16, 1.07

0.65

0.14, 2.90

Childhood verbal abuse

 Never

622

36.5

Referent

Referent

Referent

 Once or more

676

39.7

1.37

0.79, 2.35

1.38

0.83, 2.30

1.79

0.75, 4.25

 Prefer not to answer

64

3.8

1.28

0.34, 4.72

3.44

1.09, 10.73

0.59

0.07, 4.55

Childhood neglect

 Never

963

56.5

Referent

Referent

Referent

 Once or more

346

20.3

1.57

0.87, 2.84

1.19

0.70, 2.03

0.72

0.27, 1.92

 Prefer not to answer

56

3.3

2.50

0.59, 10.34

0.90

0.26, 3.02

1.43

0.12, 16.46

Sexual assault

 Not endorsed

1291

75.8

Referent

Referent

Referent

 Endorsed

399

23.4

1.13

0.67, 1.89

1.02

0.63, 1.64

0.73

0.33, 1.58

Physical assault

 Not endorsed

1274

74.8

Referent

Referent

Referent

 Endorsed

404

23.7

2.65

1.57, 4.44

1.39

0.85, 2.26

2.03

0.99, 4.14

Disabling injury/illness

 Not endorsed

1304

76.5

Referent

Referent

Referent

 Endorsed

375

22.0

2.26

1.30, 3.93

1.40

0.85, 2.27

2.88

1.42, 5.81

Other life eventsd

 Not endorsed

691

40.6

Referent

Referent

Referent

 Endorsed

1000

58.7

1.08

0.67, 1.73

0.86

0.57, 1.30

0.88

0.42, 1.83

Behavioral characteristics, mental health, and comorbid conditions

Body mass index, kg/m2

 Healthy

617

36.2

Referent

Referent

Referent

 Overweight

771

45.3

1.14

0.71, 1.82

1.32

0.91, 1.90

0.77

0.32, 1.84

 Obese

293

17.2

1.24

0.67, 2.28

1.67

1.00, 2.76

1.12

0.34, 3.62

Smoking status

 Never

683

40.1

Referent

Referent

Referent

 Former smoker

420

24.7

1.00

0.62, 1.61

1.20

0.81, 1.78

1.52

0.77, 2.98

 Current smoker

546

32.0

0.87

0.54, 1.38

0.92

0.60, 1.42

1.33

0.51, 3.42

Alcohol problems

 None

1134

66.6

Referent

Referent

Referent

 Positive for alcohol problems

549

32.2

1.51

0.99, 2.29

0.90

0.59, 1.36

1.72

0.96, 3.06

Sleep duration, hours

 < 5

466

27.4

1.24

0.61, 2.48

0.76

0.43, 1.34

1.76

0.60, 5.15

 5 to < 7

835

49.0

0.86

0.45, 1.63

1.06

0.64, 1.73

1.25

0.47, 3.26

 7 to < 9

171

10.0

Referent

Referent

Referent

 ≥9

192

11.3

1.14

0.50, 2.61

0.72

0.35, 1.48

2.75

1.00, 7.48

Social supporte

 Not bothered

269

15.8

Referent

Referent

Referent

 Bothered a little

506

29.7

1.92

1.06, 3.44

0.89

0.54, 1.48

1.63

0.64, 4.09

 Bothered a lot

914

53.6

3.49

1.85, 6.54

0.83

0.42, 1.59

4.14

1.12, 15.14

Other anxiety syndrome

 Negative

842

49.4

Referent

Referent

Referent

 Positive

812

47.7

4.27

2.42, 7.49

0.93

0.45, 1.91

7.40

2.25, 24.05

Bodily painb,f

 Continuous (scaled from 0 to 4)

3.52 (0.24)

1.86

1.44, 2.39

1.14

0.93, 1.39

1.02

0.72, 1.44

Somatic symptoms

 0–9

469

27.5

Referent

Referent

Referent

 10–14

611

35.9

0.82

0.49, 1.37

1.24

0.81, 1.90

0.85

0.37, 1.95

  ≥ 15

613

36.0

1.84

1.08, 3.12

1.09

0.65, 1.80

1.84

0.80, 4.19

  1. aOR adjusted odds ratio, CI confidence interval; Bolded values are statistically significant with all p-values<0.05
  2. a Some variables do not add up to 1704 due to missing data. Full information maximum likelihood was performed to account for missing data and estimate values based on all data that was available
  3. b Values are expressed as mean (standard deviation)
  4. c Deployment dates based on data from Defense Manpower Data Center. Combat based on positive endorsement of any of the following combat exposures: witnessing death due to war, disaster, or tragic event; or witnessing instances of physical abuse, dead and/or decomposing bodies, maimed soldiers or civilians, or prisoners of war or refugees
  5. d Endorsement of any of the following stressful life events: divorce, finances, or sexual harassment
  6. e Measured based on Patient Health Questionnaire question, “In the last 4 weeks, how much have you been bothered by having no one to turn to when you have a problem?”
  7. f Higher score indicates more bodily pain
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BMC Psychiatry

ISSN: 1471-244X

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