Table 1 List of Path-oriented psychological self-help intervention (P-oPSI)
Optimal Intervention Path | Scores of Personality Traits | Scores of Coping style | Scores of psychological self-help ability | Objectives of Intervention* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Path (1) | Extroversion | ↓ | Coping Style | ↓ | Self-help Ability | ↓ | Facilitating a healthy personality for extroversion①Mastering positive coping strategies② Improving psychological self-help ability③ |
Path (2) | Extroversion | ↓ | Coping Style | ↑ | Self-help Ability | ↓ | Facilitating a healthy personality for extroversion①Improving psychological self-help ability③ |
Path (3) | Extroversion | ↑ | Coping Style | ↑ | Self-help Ability | ↓ | Improving psychological self-help ability③ |
Path (4) | Neuroticism | ↑ | Coping Style | ↓ | Self-help Ability | ↓ | Facilitating a healthy personality for neuroticism④ Mastering a positive coping strategy② Improving psychological self-help ability③ |
Path (5) | Neuroticism | ↑ | Coping Style | ↑ | Self-help Ability | ↓ | Facilitating a healthy personality for neuroticism④ Improving psychological self-help ability③ |
Path (6) | Neuroticism | ↓ | Coping Style | ↑ | Self-help Ability | ↓ | Improving psychological self-help ability③ |
*Strategies of Psychological Self-help Intervention â‘ Facilitating a healthy personality for extroversion 1. Understanding how introverted personality traits are manifested and negatively impact on everyday life and social activities; 2. Learning how to communicate more skilfully and seek social support from others; 3. Participating in outdoor physical exercise and developing individual hobbies; 4. Sharing interests and showcasing talents (such as reading, calligraphy, singing); 5. Learning how to express verbal and written praise and appreciation to others for participating in activities and contributing to the group [28]. â‘¡ Mastering positive coping strategies 1. Understanding the types and benefits of positive coping styles; 2. Assessing whether an individual demonstrates positive coping styles; 3. Actively seeking external social support and developing skills to cope with problems from others; 4. Learning common mental health improvement techniques (e.g. reading books and newspapers, exercising and developing hobbies in a group) [29]; 5. Participating in psychological symposia addressing aging issues that encourage the older adults to share their experiences with each other and provide an avenue for disseminating positive mental health information [16]. â‘¢ Improving psychological self-help ability 1. Understanding the definition and importance of the ability to utilize psychological self-help techniques; 2. Undertaking measures to improve psychological self-help ability in 4 aspects: seeking psychological support, solving psychological problems, promoting psychological health and promoting self-actualization; 3. Adopting exercise and music relaxation training as a daily habit [17]; 4. Touring well-managed, highly available community geriatric activity centres to explore their institutional settings, activities and operations; 5. Leveraging community resources (for example, audio and video equipment/interest groups/fitness equipment) to select the ideal site (parks/activities room) for conducting activities (talent show/outdoor fitness); 6. Sharing family photos of life experiences and personal achievements as a means to reminisce and share happy memories with others [18]. â‘£ Facilitating a healthy personality for neuroticism 1. Understanding how neurotic personality traits are manifested and negatively affect daily life and social activities; 2. Learning emotion management skills; 3. Mastering the relaxation training techniques such as abdominal deep breathing and progressive muscle relaxation training; 4. Joining a chorus to share feelings and memories through music and singing; 5. Engaging in medication training and group meditation exercises [30]. | |||||||