Characteristics | with perinatal depression n = 1346 (4.9%) | without perinatal depression n = 26,174 (95.1%) | Crude OR (95% CI) | P-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Percentage | N | Percentage | |||
Sociodemographic factors (data provided for all women) | ||||||
Age (years) | ||||||
Mean ± SD | 33.2 (±5.6) | 33.5 (±5.8) | 1.01 (1.001–1.02) | 0.026 | ||
< 25 | 84 | 6.3 | 1675 | 6.4 | 1.02 (0.81–1.29) | 0.834 |
25–40 | 1082 | 80.4 | 21,672 | 82.8 | Reference | |
> 40 | 180 | 13.3 | 2827 | 10.8 | 1.27 (1.07–1.50) | 0.005 |
Periphery | 79 | 6.1 | 2041 | 8.0 | 0.74 (0.59–0.93) | 0.011 |
Population group | ||||||
Arabs | 108 | 8.1 | 994 | 3.8 | 2.1 (1.70–2.58) | < 0.001 |
Orthodox Jews | 61 | 4.5 | 2587 | 9.9 | 0.45 (0.35–0.59) | < 0.001 |
Others | 1177 | 87.4 | 22,593 | 86.3 | Reference | |
Socioeconomic status (median, range) | 6.0 (0–10) | 6.0 (0–10) | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | 0.760 | ||
Medical conditions (data provided for all women) | ||||||
Cardiovascular disease | 25 | 1.9 | 364 | 1.4 | 1.35 (0.89–2.03) | 0.151 |
Chronic Diabetes Mellitus | 18 | 1.4 | 149 | 0.6 | 2.38 (1.45–3.89) | 0.001 |
Hypertension | 27 | 2.1 | 401 | 1.6 | 1.32 (0.89–1.96) | 0.163 |
Medications (data provided for all women) | ||||||
Antidepressant use | ||||||
None | 868 | 64.5 | 22,167 | 84.7 | Reference | |
≤ 3 months | 153 | 11.4 | 1639 | 6.3 | 2.38 (1.99–2.85) | < 0.001 |
> 3 months | 325 | 24.1 | 2368 | 9.0 | 3.50 (3.06–4.01) | < 0.001 |
Blood Tests, N-number of women tested | ||||||
Haemoglobin – N | 1296 | 96.3 | 25,394 | 97.0 | 0.124 | |
Mean ± SD (g/dl) | 10.91 (±0.94) | 10.96 (±0.89) | 0.94 (0.88–0.99) | 0.047 | ||
≤ 10.5 (Anaemia) | 427 | 32.9 | 7570 | 29.8 | 1.16 (1.03–1.30) | 0.016 |
> 10.5 | 869 | 67.1 | 17,824 | 70.2 | ||
Ferritin – N | 859 | 63.8 | 15,601 | 59.6 | 0.002 | |
Mean ± SD (ng/ml) | 33.84 (±31.77) | 37.69 (±44.77) | 0.997 (0.995-0.999) | .001 | ||
Iron – N | 676 | 50.2 | 11,397 | 43.5 | < 0.001 | |
Mean ± SD (mcg/dl) | 67.88 (±35.53) | 71.87 (±37.02) | 0.998 (0.996–1) | 0.041 | ||
B12 - N | 561 | 41.7 | 9378 | 35.8 | < 0.001 | |
Mean ± SD (pg/ml) | 361.18 (±157.53) | 361.16 (±148.69) | 1 (0.99–1.0) | 0.997 | ||
Folic acid – N | 627 | 46.6 | 10,294 | 39.3 | < 0.001 | |
Mean ± SD (ng/ml) | 2.30 (±3.29) | 2.35 (±3.33) | 0.99 (0.97–1.02) | 0.700 | ||
Vitamin D (min) – N | 755 | 56.1 | 13,853 | 52.9 | 0.023 | |
Mean ± SD (ng/ml) | 20.40 (±9.09) | 20.44 (±9.15) | 1 (0.99–1.01) | 0.915 | ||
TSH (min) - N | 1260 | 93.6 | 23,915 | 91.4 | 0.004 | |
Mean ± SD (mlU/l) | 1.33 (±0.87) | 1.35 (±0.83) | 0.97 (0.91–1.04) | 0.427 | ||
TSH (max) - N | 1260 | 93.6 | 23,915 | 91.4 | 0.004 | |
Mean ± SD (mlU/l) | 3.12 (±8.18) | 2.82 (±5.82) | 1.007 (0.99–1.01) | 0.198 | ||
C-reactive protein - N | 332 | 24.7 | 5361 | 20.5 | < 0.001 | |
Mean ± SD (mg/dl) | 0.99 (±2.35) | 1.00 (±2.41) | 0.997 (0.95–1.04) | 0.909 | ||
Lifestyle factors (data provided for all women) | ||||||
Smoking | ||||||
Never | 1111 | 82.5 | 23,301 | 89.0 | Reference | |
Current | 163 | 12.1 | 1843 | 7.0 | 1.85 (1.56–2.20) | < 0.001 |
Past | 72 | 5.3 | 1030 | 3.9 | 1.47 (1.15–1.88) | 0.002 |