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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of LION study participants

From: Multimodal lifestyle intervention using a web-based tool to improve cardiometabolic health in patients with serious mental illness: results of a cluster randomized controlled trial (LION)

 

N

Total

Intervention group

Control group

p-values

General information

Teams, N

 

27

17

10

 

Nurses, N

 

138

82

56

 

Patient characteristics

Patients, N

 

244

140

104

 

Age, mean ± SD, years

240

46.1 ± 10.8

44.3 ± 10.9

48.6 ± 10.2

.002

Male sex, N (%)

 

120 (49.2)

66 (47.1)

54 (51.9)

.46

Housing, N

240

   

.38

 F-ACT teams (patients)

 

19 (193)

12 (108)

7 (85)

 

 Sheltered living teams (patients)

 

8 (51)

5 (32)

3 (19)

 

Years since first contact MH organisation, mean ± SD, years

220

17.0 ± 11.0

15.6 ± 11.3

19.0 ± 10.3

.021

Adiposity

Waist circumference, mean ± SD, cm

     

   - male

114

111.3 ± 12.7

112.3 ± 14.2

110.0 ± 10.7

.32

   - female

116

110.2 ± 16.3

111.9 ± 17.0

107.8 ± 15.0

.18

 Body Mass Index (BMI), mean ± SD, kg/m2

233

32.0 ± 6.4

32.7 ± 7.2

31.1 ± 5.1

.045

 BMI categories, N (%):

233

   

.36

  Normal (BMI < 25)

 

21 (9.0)

11 (8.3)

10 (10.0)

 

  Overweight (25 ≤ BMI < 30)

 

81 (34.8)

44 (33.1)

37 (37.0)

 

  Obese I (30 ≤ BMI < 35)

 

70 (30.0)

40 (30.1)

30 (30.0)

 

  Obese II (35 ≤ BMI < 40)

 

36 (15.5)

19 (14.3)

17 (17.0)

 

  Obese III (BMI ≥40)

 

25 (10.7)

19 (14.3)

6 (6.0)

 

Blood pressure (BP), mean ± SD, mmHG

     

 Systolic BP

230

133.1 ± 17.0

132.9 ± 17.3

133.4 ± 16.7

.82

 Diastolic BP

227

84.1 ± 10.5

85.0 ± 10.5

82.9 ± 10.5

.15

 Use of BP lowering medication, No. (%)

171

45 (26.3)

21 (22.1)

24 (31.6)

.16

Lipids

 Total cholesterol, mean ± SD, mmol/L

199

5.08 ± 1.11

5.17 ± 1.05

4.96 ± 1.18

.20

 HDL-cholesterol, mean ± SD, mmol/L

     

   - male

107

1.03 ± 0.23

1.01 ± 0.23

1.05 ± 0.22

.38

   - female

103

1.36 ± 0.47

1.35 ± 0.53

1.36 ± 0.37

.95

 LDL-cholesterol, mean ± SD, mmol/L

196

3.07 ± 0.94

3.09 ± 0.88

3.05 ± 1.02

.75

 Triglycerides, median [25-75th %], mmol/L

94

1.73 [1.08; 2.41]

1.68 [1.03; 2.53]

1.76 [1.22; 2.15]

.90

 Use of lipid lowering medication, No. (%)

171

45 (26.3)

22 (22.7)

23 (31.1)

.22

Glucose metabolism

 Fasting glucose, median [25-75th %], mmol/L

93

6.0 [5.4; 7.0]

5.7 [5.3; 7.0]

6.2 [5.7; 7.0]

.09

 HbA1c, median [25-75th %], (%)

190

36.0 [33.3; 41.0]

36.0 [33.0; 39.0]

38.0 [34.0; 44.0]

.009

 Diagnosis of diabetesb

235

73 (31.1)

36 (27.1)

37 (36.3)

.13

 Use of glucose lowering medication, N (%)

162

37 (22.8)

17 (18.5)

20 (28.6)

.13

Metabolic syndrome, N (%)

84

56 (66.7)

25 (56.8)

31 (77.5)

.37

Metabolic syndrome Z-scorea, mean ± SD, SD

84

0.65 ± 0.92

0.61 ± 0.96

0.69 ± 0.88

.68

Psychiatric characteristics

 Psychiatric diagnosis, N (%)

243

    

  Psychotic disorder

 

140 (57.6)

86 (61.4)

54 (52.5)

.16

  Mood disorder

 

68 (28.0)

36 (25.7)

32 (31.1)

.36

  Personality disorder

 

64 (26.3)

34 (24.3)

30 (29.1)

.40

  Anxiety disorder

 

33 (13.6)

18 (12.9)

15 (14.6)

.70

  Psychiatric comorbidityc, N (%)

243

75 (30.9)

40 (28.6)

35 (34.0)

.37

  Use of antipsychotics, N (%)

217

187 (86.2)

108 (87.8)

79 (84.0)

.43

 Antipsychotic medication based on metabolic side effectd, N (%)

224

   

.74

  No effect

 

71 (31.7)

42 (33.1)

29 (29.9)

 

  Medium effect

 

76 (33.9)

44 (34.6)

32 (33.0)

 

  High effect

 

77 (31.7)

41 (32.3)

36 (37.1)

 

Smoking, yes, N (%)

198

110 (55.6)

60 (55.6)

50 (55.6)

.99

Stage of changee, N (%)

Dietary behaviour

209

   

.13

  Pre-contemplation phase

 

11 (5.3)

5 (4.3)

6 (6.5)

  Contemplation phase

 

51 (24.4)

29 (24.8)

22 (23.9)

  Preparation phase

 

56 (26.8)

39 (33.3)

17 (18.5)

  Action phase

 

21 (10.0)

11 (9.4)

10 (10.9)

  Maintenance phase

 

70 (33.5)

33 (28.2)

37 (40.2)

Physical activity behaviour

201

   

.00

  Pre-contemplation phase

 

29 (14.4)

12 (11.0)

17 (18.5)

  Contemplation phase

 

49 (24.4)

36 (33.0)

13 (14.1)

  Preparation phase

 

43 (21.4)

29 (26.6)

14 (15.2)

  Action phase

 

18 (9.0)

10 (9.2)

8 (8.7)

  Maintenance phase

 

62 (30.8)

22 (20.2)

40 (43.5)

  1. Note: SI conversion factors: to convert total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol to mg/dL, divide values by 0.0259; to convert triglycerides to mg/dL, divide values by 0.0113; to convert fasting glucose to mg/dL, divide values by 0.0555. Baseline differences were tested with Student’s T, Mann Whitney U or Chi square tests. Bold p-values denote statistical significance at the p < 0.05 level
  2. a The means and standard deviations (SD) of the patients ranging within healthy reference values were used to standardize HDL-C (1.1–2.0 mmol/L in female and 0.9–1.7 mmol/L in male patients), triglycerides (≤ 2.2 mmol/L) and fasting glucose (≤ 7.1 mmol/L) or HbA1c (< 8.0%)
  3. b Diabetes was defined based on reported diagnosis of diabetes, use of antihyperglycemic medication, fasting glucose ≥7.1 mmol/L or HbA1c ≥ 48 mmol/mol
  4. c Two or more of the defined diagnoses
  5. d If no antipsychotic medication was used, this was categorized as the no effect group
  6. e Pre-contemplation phase ‘I am eating (a little bit) unhealthily and do not intend to eat healthily in six months’; Contemplation phase ‘I am eating (a little bit) unhealthily and intend to eat healthily in six months’; Preparation phase ‘I am eating (a little bit) unhealthily and intend to eat healthily in one month’; Action phase ‘I have eaten healthily for less than six months’; Maintenance phase ‘I have eaten healthily for more than six months’. For stage of change for physical activity behaviour, eating was replaced by activity (e.g. ‘My activity is (a little bit) unhealthy and I do not intend to act healthily in six months’, etc.)