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Table 1 Description of CLSA Sample by Sex (n = 27,162)

From: Depression in middle and older adulthood: the role of immigration, nutrition, and other determinants of health in the Canadian longitudinal study on aging

Variable

Men (N = 13,417)

Women (N = 13,745)

Depressed Sample (Weighted %)

Total Sample (Unweighted n)

χ2 (df), p-value

Depressed Sample (Weighted %)

Total Sample (Unweighted n)

χ2 (df),p-value

Demographic, Social, and Economic Factors

 Immigration status

  Native-born Canadian

12.6%

10,841

2.74 (2), .255

17.1%

11,582

31.8 (2), <.001

  Immigrant < 20 years

14.5%

301

28.9%

214

  Immigrant ≥20 years

11.8%

2275

18.8%

1949

 Age

  45–55 years

13.7%

3382

25.8 (3), <.001

17.4%

3615

7.22 (3), .065

  56–65 years

12.8%

4349

17.4%

4662

  66–75 years

9.9%

3326

16.7%

3259

  76–85 years

10.6%

2360

19.9%

2209

 Income

   < $20,000

38.0%

462

446.4 (5), <.001

36.7%

838

399.6 (5), <.001

  $20,000–$49,999

18.5%

2268

23.5%

3339

  $50,000–$99,999

13.0%

4604

16.7%

4427

  $100,000–$149,999

9.9%

2865

12.3%

2242

   ≥ $150,000

6.6%

2610

10.1%

1865

  Not answered

18.1%

608

23.1%

1034

 Relationship status

  Single

24.8%

1056

295.4 (2), <.001

24.3%

1263

108.2 (2), <.001

  Married/live with a partner/common-law

10.3%

10,510

15.4%

8349

  Widowed/divorced/separated

21.4%

1851

22.1%

4133

 Education level

   < secondary school

20.8%

642

77.4 (3), <.001

27.7%

811

65.7 (3), <.001

  High school graduate &/or some post-secondary

16.7%

2087

19.2%

2466

  Post-secondary degree/diploma

11.4%

10,663

16.5%

10,452

  Not answered

17.6%

25

15.8%

16

Physical Health

 Morbidities

  No health conditions

6.4%

2702

527.4 (3), <.001

8.1%

2163

586.0 (3), <.001

  1 health condition

8.7%

3783

10.7%

3344

  2 health conditions

11.8%

3121

17.6%

3128

  3 health conditions

23.4%

3811

27.7%

5110

 Hypertension levels

  Normal

11.9%

4008

9.60 (4), .048

15.1%

5869

67.4 (4), <.001

  Elevated

10.5%

1144

17.6%

1441

  Stage 1 hypertension

13.4%

2515

20.4%

1823

  Stage 2 hypertension

13.5%

1593

18.7%

1283

  Taking anti-hypertensive

12.8%

4157

21.4%

3329

 Chronic pain

  No pain

9.8%

10,651

376.1 (2), <.001

13.6%

9918

416.4 (2), <.001

  Pain

24.4%

2175

29.1%

3206

  Refused

20.8%

591

25.9%

621

Health Behaviors

 Smoking lifetime

   ≥ 100 cigarettes

14.6%

7614

61.3 (1), <.001

18.8%

6870

14.4 (1), <.001

   < 100 cigarettes

10.1%

5803

16.4%

6875

 Binge drinking

  No binge drinking

13.1%

8076

15.5 (2), <.001

18.5%

9476

15.0 (2), .001

  Regular binge drinking

13.1%

2562

16.6%

1744

  Occasional binge drinking

10.5%

2779

15.5%

2525

 Physical activity

  Never or seldom

12.3%

11,588

28.8 (2), <.001

17.6%

11,676

33.9 (2), <.001

  Sometimes or often

11.4%

1274

14.4%

1501

  No answer or refused

20.3%

555

25.9%

568

Nutrition Status Indicators

 BMI

  Underweight: < 18.5

33.3%

48

47.4 (3), <.001

24.1%

144

75.7 (3), <.001

  Healthy: ≥ 18.5 - <  25

11.3%

3229

14.8%

4848

  Overweight: ≥ 25- < 30

11.5%

6176

17.2%

4804

  Obese: ≥ 30

14.9%

3964

21.8%

3949

 Waist-to-hip ratio

  Low risk

10.7%

1313

4.48 (1), .034

16.1%

7951

32.6 (1), <.001

  High risk

12.7%

12,104

19.9%

5794

 Waist-to-height ratio

  Below cut-off

11.2%

8446

34.9 (1), <.001

15.6%

9685

91.7 (1), <.001

  Above cut-off

14.7%

4971

22.6%

4060

 Body fat percent

  0–26%

10.5%

4671

73.1 (4), <.001

15.4%

313

82.0 (4), <.001

  26–31%

12.3%

4482

13.7%

944

  31–36%

14.2%

3032

14.1%

2443

  36–41%

19.6%

961

16.7%

4271

  41–59%

18.8%

271

21.1%

5774

 Disease risk

  Least risk

11.6%

3235

44.5 (3), <.001

14.8%

4729

76.5 (3), <.001

  Increased

11.0%

4438

17.1%

2690

  High

12.4%

2139

17.8%

2541

  Very high

15.7%

3605

22.1%

3785

 Grip strength

  No under-nutrition

11.1%

10,111

96.3 (2), <.001

16.2%

10,713

81.8 (2), <.001

  Under-nutrition

17.1%

2654

24.1%

1843

  Not assessed

20.2%

652

 

23.4%

1189

 Nutritional risk

  Low risk

7.7%

8452

524.5 (2), <.001

11.2%

8312

649.8 (2), <.001

  High risk

21.7%

4269

28.7%

4751

  Not assessed

18.6%

696

25.3%

682

 Skeletal Muscle Index (SMI)

  No sarcopenia

18.0%

2135

57.4 (1), <.001

17.6%

13,739

0.14 (1), .706

  Sarcopenia

11.7%

11,282

12.5%

6

 T-scores

  Normal

12.4%

12,421

1.58 (2), .454

17.2%

8589

3.66 (2), .161

  Osteopenia

12.9%

63

19.3%

1154

  Osteoporosis

14.1%

933

18.2%

4002

 Screen for anemia

  Negative

12.0%

10,448

15.6 (2), <.001

17.4%

11,316

2.30 (2), .317

  Positive

16.5%

1049

23.0%

96

  No consent for sample

13.5%

1920

18.2%

2333

Dietary Intakes

 Average daily intakes of fiber sources

  0 to < 1

13.2%

4151

6.48 (3), .091

19.2%

4625

21.8 (3), <.001

   ≥ 1 to < 2

12.2%

6334

16.0%

6507

   ≥ 2 to < 3

11.5%

2305

18.2%

2134

   ≥ 3

14.5%

627

19.9%

479

 Average daily intakes of pulses and nuts

  0 to < 0.5

14.6%

4293

27.9 (3), <.001

19.7%

4468

20.56 (3), <.001

   ≥ 0.5 to < 1

12.1%

3262

16.6%

3004

   ≥ 1 to < 2

11.0%

4986

16.8%

5354

   ≥ 2

12.6%

876

15.5%

919

 Average daily intakes of fat sources

  0 to < 2.5

14.9%

1649

18.1 (3), <.001

19.0%

1715

4.87 (3), .182

   ≥ 2.5 to < 4

12.3%

5127

17.3%

5128

   ≥ 4 to < 5

10.9%

3232

16.7%

3398

   ≥ 5

13.2%

3409

18.1%

3504

 Intakes of fish

  No consumption

21.0%

1121

82.9 (1), <.001

22.1%

1150

17.3 (1), <.001

  Consumes fish

11.7%

12,296

17.2%

12,595

 Intakes of omega-3 eggs

  No consumption

12.8%

10,099

3.18 (1), .075

18.2%

9959

9.61 (1), .002

  Consumes omega-3 eggs

11.7%

3318

16.0%

3786

 Average daily intakes of fruits and vegetables

  0 to < 2

18.3%

2631

119.0 (4), <.001

29.6%

1284

150.4 (4), <.001

   ≥ 2 to < 3

13.0%

3787

19.8%

2723

   ≥ 3 to < 4

10.1%

3387

17.5%

3381

   ≥ 4 to < 6

9.6%

2865

15.1%

4499

   ≥ 6

13.1%

747

14.4%

1858

 Average daily intakes of pure fruit juice

  No consumption

12.8%

3430

0.63 (2), .730

17.5%

5334

12.6 (2), .002

   ≤ 1 per day

12.4%

9613

17.4%

8214

   > 1 per day

13.4%

374

27.4%

197

 Average daily intakes of salty snacks

  No consumption

12.7%

2385

4.13 (2), .127

16.9%

2742

0.97 (2), .615

   >  0 to ≤1

12.4%

11,004

17.7%

10,973

   > 1 to ≤10

25.0%

28

20.7%

30

 Average daily intakes of calcium sources with high vitamin D content

   >  0 to < 1

13.6%

3007

19.4 (3), <.001

18.7%

3027

6.12 (3), .106

   ≥ 1 to < 2

11.4%

6227

17.4%

6084

   ≥ 2 to < 4

13.1%

3717

16.7%

4130

   ≥ 4

16.8%

466

19.5%

504

 Average daily intakes of calcium sources with low vitamin D content

  No consumption

15.2%

3343

26.0 (1), <.001

21.5%

1625

17.8 (1), <.001

   > 0

11.7%

10,074

17.1%

12,120

 Average daily intakes of pastries

  No consumption

14.1%

1190

3.16 (2), .206

18.0%

1565

7.75 (2), .021

   > 0 to ≤1

12.4%

11,983

17.4%

11,958

   > 1 to ≤13

11.1%

244

24.6%

222

 Average weekly intakes of chocolate bars

  No consumption

11.9%

4542

30.4 (2), <.001

15.8%

4858

38.4 (2), <.001

   > 0 to ≤0.6

12.4%

8361

18.0%

8177

   > 0.6

20.4%

514

25.1%

710