Variable | Men (N = 13,417) | Women (N = 13,745) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depressed Sample (Weighted %) | Total Sample (Unweighted n) | χ2 (df), p-value | Depressed Sample (Weighted %) | Total Sample (Unweighted n) | χ2 (df),p-value | |
Demographic, Social, and Economic Factors | ||||||
 Immigration status | ||||||
  Native-born Canadian | 12.6% | 10,841 | 2.74 (2), .255 | 17.1% | 11,582 | 31.8 (2), <.001 |
  Immigrant < 20 years | 14.5% | 301 | 28.9% | 214 | ||
  Immigrant ≥20 years | 11.8% | 2275 | 18.8% | 1949 | ||
 Age | ||||||
  45–55 years | 13.7% | 3382 | 25.8 (3), <.001 | 17.4% | 3615 | 7.22 (3), .065 |
  56–65 years | 12.8% | 4349 | 17.4% | 4662 | ||
  66–75 years | 9.9% | 3326 | 16.7% | 3259 | ||
  76–85 years | 10.6% | 2360 | 19.9% | 2209 | ||
 Income | ||||||
   < $20,000 | 38.0% | 462 | 446.4 (5), <.001 | 36.7% | 838 | 399.6 (5), <.001 |
  $20,000–$49,999 | 18.5% | 2268 | 23.5% | 3339 | ||
  $50,000–$99,999 | 13.0% | 4604 | 16.7% | 4427 | ||
  $100,000–$149,999 | 9.9% | 2865 | 12.3% | 2242 | ||
   ≥ $150,000 | 6.6% | 2610 | 10.1% | 1865 | ||
  Not answered | 18.1% | 608 | 23.1% | 1034 | ||
 Relationship status | ||||||
  Single | 24.8% | 1056 | 295.4 (2), <.001 | 24.3% | 1263 | 108.2 (2), <.001 |
  Married/live with a partner/common-law | 10.3% | 10,510 | 15.4% | 8349 | ||
  Widowed/divorced/separated | 21.4% | 1851 | 22.1% | 4133 | ||
 Education level | ||||||
   < secondary school | 20.8% | 642 | 77.4 (3), <.001 | 27.7% | 811 | 65.7 (3), <.001 |
  High school graduate &/or some post-secondary | 16.7% | 2087 | 19.2% | 2466 | ||
  Post-secondary degree/diploma | 11.4% | 10,663 | 16.5% | 10,452 | ||
  Not answered | 17.6% | 25 | 15.8% | 16 | ||
Physical Health | ||||||
 Morbidities | ||||||
  No health conditions | 6.4% | 2702 | 527.4 (3), <.001 | 8.1% | 2163 | 586.0 (3), <.001 |
  1 health condition | 8.7% | 3783 | 10.7% | 3344 | ||
  2 health conditions | 11.8% | 3121 | 17.6% | 3128 | ||
  3 health conditions | 23.4% | 3811 | 27.7% | 5110 | ||
 Hypertension levels | ||||||
  Normal | 11.9% | 4008 | 9.60 (4), .048 | 15.1% | 5869 | 67.4 (4), <.001 |
  Elevated | 10.5% | 1144 | 17.6% | 1441 | ||
  Stage 1 hypertension | 13.4% | 2515 | 20.4% | 1823 | ||
  Stage 2 hypertension | 13.5% | 1593 | 18.7% | 1283 | ||
  Taking anti-hypertensive | 12.8% | 4157 | 21.4% | 3329 | ||
 Chronic pain | ||||||
  No pain | 9.8% | 10,651 | 376.1 (2), <.001 | 13.6% | 9918 | 416.4 (2), <.001 |
  Pain | 24.4% | 2175 | 29.1% | 3206 | ||
  Refused | 20.8% | 591 | 25.9% | 621 | ||
Health Behaviors | ||||||
 Smoking lifetime | ||||||
   ≥ 100 cigarettes | 14.6% | 7614 | 61.3 (1), <.001 | 18.8% | 6870 | 14.4 (1), <.001 |
   < 100 cigarettes | 10.1% | 5803 | 16.4% | 6875 | ||
 Binge drinking | ||||||
  No binge drinking | 13.1% | 8076 | 15.5 (2), <.001 | 18.5% | 9476 | 15.0 (2), .001 |
  Regular binge drinking | 13.1% | 2562 | 16.6% | 1744 | ||
  Occasional binge drinking | 10.5% | 2779 | 15.5% | 2525 | ||
 Physical activity | ||||||
  Never or seldom | 12.3% | 11,588 | 28.8 (2), <.001 | 17.6% | 11,676 | 33.9 (2), <.001 |
  Sometimes or often | 11.4% | 1274 | 14.4% | 1501 | ||
  No answer or refused | 20.3% | 555 | 25.9% | 568 | ||
Nutrition Status Indicators | ||||||
 BMI | ||||||
  Underweight: < 18.5 | 33.3% | 48 | 47.4 (3), <.001 | 24.1% | 144 | 75.7 (3), <.001 |
  Healthy: ≥ 18.5 - <  25 | 11.3% | 3229 | 14.8% | 4848 | ||
  Overweight: ≥ 25- < 30 | 11.5% | 6176 | 17.2% | 4804 | ||
  Obese: ≥ 30 | 14.9% | 3964 | 21.8% | 3949 | ||
 Waist-to-hip ratio | ||||||
  Low risk | 10.7% | 1313 | 4.48 (1), .034 | 16.1% | 7951 | 32.6 (1), <.001 |
  High risk | 12.7% | 12,104 | 19.9% | 5794 | ||
 Waist-to-height ratio | ||||||
  Below cut-off | 11.2% | 8446 | 34.9 (1), <.001 | 15.6% | 9685 | 91.7 (1), <.001 |
  Above cut-off | 14.7% | 4971 | 22.6% | 4060 | ||
 Body fat percent | ||||||
  0–26% | 10.5% | 4671 | 73.1 (4), <.001 | 15.4% | 313 | 82.0 (4), <.001 |
  26–31% | 12.3% | 4482 | 13.7% | 944 | ||
  31–36% | 14.2% | 3032 | 14.1% | 2443 | ||
  36–41% | 19.6% | 961 | 16.7% | 4271 | ||
  41–59% | 18.8% | 271 | 21.1% | 5774 | ||
 Disease risk | ||||||
  Least risk | 11.6% | 3235 | 44.5 (3), <.001 | 14.8% | 4729 | 76.5 (3), <.001 |
  Increased | 11.0% | 4438 | 17.1% | 2690 | ||
  High | 12.4% | 2139 | 17.8% | 2541 | ||
  Very high | 15.7% | 3605 | 22.1% | 3785 | ||
 Grip strength | ||||||
  No under-nutrition | 11.1% | 10,111 | 96.3 (2), <.001 | 16.2% | 10,713 | 81.8 (2), <.001 |
  Under-nutrition | 17.1% | 2654 | 24.1% | 1843 | ||
  Not assessed | 20.2% | 652 |  | 23.4% | 1189 | |
 Nutritional risk | ||||||
  Low risk | 7.7% | 8452 | 524.5 (2), <.001 | 11.2% | 8312 | 649.8 (2), <.001 |
  High risk | 21.7% | 4269 | 28.7% | 4751 | ||
  Not assessed | 18.6% | 696 | 25.3% | 682 | ||
 Skeletal Muscle Index (SMI) | ||||||
  No sarcopenia | 18.0% | 2135 | 57.4 (1), <.001 | 17.6% | 13,739 | 0.14 (1), .706 |
  Sarcopenia | 11.7% | 11,282 | 12.5% | 6 | ||
 T-scores | ||||||
  Normal | 12.4% | 12,421 | 1.58 (2), .454 | 17.2% | 8589 | 3.66 (2), .161 |
  Osteopenia | 12.9% | 63 | 19.3% | 1154 | ||
  Osteoporosis | 14.1% | 933 | 18.2% | 4002 | ||
 Screen for anemia | ||||||
  Negative | 12.0% | 10,448 | 15.6 (2), <.001 | 17.4% | 11,316 | 2.30 (2), .317 |
  Positive | 16.5% | 1049 | 23.0% | 96 | ||
  No consent for sample | 13.5% | 1920 | 18.2% | 2333 | ||
Dietary Intakes | ||||||
 Average daily intakes of fiber sources | ||||||
  0 to < 1 | 13.2% | 4151 | 6.48 (3), .091 | 19.2% | 4625 | 21.8 (3), <.001 |
   ≥ 1 to < 2 | 12.2% | 6334 | 16.0% | 6507 | ||
   ≥ 2 to < 3 | 11.5% | 2305 | 18.2% | 2134 | ||
   ≥ 3 | 14.5% | 627 | 19.9% | 479 | ||
 Average daily intakes of pulses and nuts | ||||||
  0 to < 0.5 | 14.6% | 4293 | 27.9 (3), <.001 | 19.7% | 4468 | 20.56 (3), <.001 |
   ≥ 0.5 to < 1 | 12.1% | 3262 | 16.6% | 3004 | ||
   ≥ 1 to < 2 | 11.0% | 4986 | 16.8% | 5354 | ||
   ≥ 2 | 12.6% | 876 | 15.5% | 919 | ||
 Average daily intakes of fat sources | ||||||
  0 to < 2.5 | 14.9% | 1649 | 18.1 (3), <.001 | 19.0% | 1715 | 4.87 (3), .182 |
   ≥ 2.5 to < 4 | 12.3% | 5127 | 17.3% | 5128 | ||
   ≥ 4 to < 5 | 10.9% | 3232 | 16.7% | 3398 | ||
   ≥ 5 | 13.2% | 3409 | 18.1% | 3504 | ||
 Intakes of fish | ||||||
  No consumption | 21.0% | 1121 | 82.9 (1), <.001 | 22.1% | 1150 | 17.3 (1), <.001 |
  Consumes fish | 11.7% | 12,296 | 17.2% | 12,595 | ||
 Intakes of omega-3 eggs | ||||||
  No consumption | 12.8% | 10,099 | 3.18 (1), .075 | 18.2% | 9959 | 9.61 (1), .002 |
  Consumes omega-3 eggs | 11.7% | 3318 | 16.0% | 3786 | ||
 Average daily intakes of fruits and vegetables | ||||||
  0 to < 2 | 18.3% | 2631 | 119.0 (4), <.001 | 29.6% | 1284 | 150.4 (4), <.001 |
   ≥ 2 to < 3 | 13.0% | 3787 | 19.8% | 2723 | ||
   ≥ 3 to < 4 | 10.1% | 3387 | 17.5% | 3381 | ||
   ≥ 4 to < 6 | 9.6% | 2865 | 15.1% | 4499 | ||
   ≥ 6 | 13.1% | 747 | 14.4% | 1858 | ||
 Average daily intakes of pure fruit juice | ||||||
  No consumption | 12.8% | 3430 | 0.63 (2), .730 | 17.5% | 5334 | 12.6 (2), .002 |
   ≤ 1 per day | 12.4% | 9613 | 17.4% | 8214 | ||
   > 1 per day | 13.4% | 374 | 27.4% | 197 | ||
 Average daily intakes of salty snacks | ||||||
  No consumption | 12.7% | 2385 | 4.13 (2), .127 | 16.9% | 2742 | 0.97 (2), .615 |
   >  0 to ≤1 | 12.4% | 11,004 | 17.7% | 10,973 | ||
   > 1 to ≤10 | 25.0% | 28 | 20.7% | 30 | ||
 Average daily intakes of calcium sources with high vitamin D content | ||||||
   >  0 to < 1 | 13.6% | 3007 | 19.4 (3), <.001 | 18.7% | 3027 | 6.12 (3), .106 |
   ≥ 1 to < 2 | 11.4% | 6227 | 17.4% | 6084 | ||
   ≥ 2 to < 4 | 13.1% | 3717 | 16.7% | 4130 | ||
   ≥ 4 | 16.8% | 466 | 19.5% | 504 | ||
 Average daily intakes of calcium sources with low vitamin D content | ||||||
  No consumption | 15.2% | 3343 | 26.0 (1), <.001 | 21.5% | 1625 | 17.8 (1), <.001 |
   > 0 | 11.7% | 10,074 | 17.1% | 12,120 | ||
 Average daily intakes of pastries | ||||||
  No consumption | 14.1% | 1190 | 3.16 (2), .206 | 18.0% | 1565 | 7.75 (2), .021 |
   > 0 to ≤1 | 12.4% | 11,983 | 17.4% | 11,958 | ||
   > 1 to ≤13 | 11.1% | 244 | 24.6% | 222 | ||
 Average weekly intakes of chocolate bars | ||||||
  No consumption | 11.9% | 4542 | 30.4 (2), <.001 | 15.8% | 4858 | 38.4 (2), <.001 |
   > 0 to ≤0.6 | 12.4% | 8361 | 18.0% | 8177 | ||
   > 0.6 | 20.4% | 514 | 25.1% | 710 |