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Table 3 Regional difference in model estimates of time trends in log-odds by coercive measure (standard error in brackets)

From: Trends in the use of coercive measures in Finnish psychiatric hospitals: a register analysis of the past two decades

 

Any coercive measure

Seclusion

Limb restraints

Forced injection

Physical restraints

Reference group

 Intercept

−5.43(.795)‡

−5.92(.907) ‡

−6.49(1.04)‡

−7.62(.919)‡

−5.55(.757)‡

 Year

−.0014(.0136)

.012(.014)

−.014(.020)

.016(.016)

−.043(.022)*

 Year^2

−.0057(.0019)†

−.0072(.0020)†

−.014(.0006)‡

−.0057(.0023)*

−.0089(.0026)†

Western Finland vs Reference

 Intercept

−.500(.323)

−.588(.367)

−.693(.400)

−.458(.366)

−.149(.318)†

 Year

.0006(.026)

.0021(.026)

−.015(.040)

−.0062(.028)

.039(.037)

 Year^2

.0045(.0037)

.0065(.0040)

.010(.0010)*

.0077(.0043)

.018(.0044)†

Eastern Finland vs Reference

 Intercept

.276(.339)

.263(.384)

.915(.415)

.071(.378)

.363(.337)

 Year

.0031(.028)

−.0066(.029)

−.0086(.039)

−.025(.031)

−.039(.041)

 Year^2

.0025(.0038)

.000032(.0041)

.014(.0009)‡

.0054(.0045)

.0031(.0048)

Northern Finland vs Reference

 Intercept

−.898(.374)

−1.85(.433)

−.436(.462)

−1.46(.428)†

−.639(.374)

 Year

.0085(.030)

.0309(.032)

.029(.044)

−.044(.034)

−.032(.042)

 Year^2

.0068(.0041)

.0092(.0046)*

.015(.001)‡

.010(.0045)*

.014(.0051)*

Ã…land vs Reference

 Intercept

−.293(.920)

−.306(1.07)

−1.03(1.20)

.255(1.07)

.317(.996)

 Year

.079(.078)

.081(.080)

.220(.131)

.111(.084)

−.111(.097)

 Year^2

.011(.011)

.011(.011)

.015(.012)

.012(.012)

.017(.012)

  1. Estimates were adjusted for age, gender and treatment periods of care providers using a multilevel logistic regression model with random intercepts and random slopes of linear and quadratic terms. The reference group consisted of male patients of a median age of 40 from hospitals with minimum treatment periods in Southern Finland. The significant result was based on a Z-score test for each parameter estimate: ‡p < 0.001, †p < 0.01, *p < 0.05