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Table 1 Characteristics of Studies included in the Analysis (N = 11)

From: The effectiveness of virtual reality for people with mild cognitive impairment or dementia: a meta-analysis

Author(year)

Nation

Mean Age (Trt / Cont)

Sample size

Dementia

Institution

Impaired feature

VR environment

VR Methodology type

Interaction technique

Session length

Dose (Total number of training min)

Control group

Evaluation level

Burdea (2015) [45]

USA

63.4

10

dementia

community

cognition

laptop, game controller pendants

game

semi

20~40

1840

no control

self-reported

Flynn (2003) [46]

UK

69.6

6

dementia

mixed

behavior

VR auditorium

task

semi

20

50

no control

self

Moyle (2017) [47]

Australia

89

10

dementia

Institute

mood

motion sensor

task?

full

 

35

no control

observer

Man (2011) [48]

Hong Kong

80.3/ 80.2

20/14

CDR = 0.5 questionable dementia

community

cognition

joy stick or keyboard

task

semi

30

300

psycho education

self reported

Lee (2017) [24]

Korea

71.8/ 69.7

15/15

AD

community

Physical fitness

Wii, Motion tracking

task

semi

40

1440

cognitive therapy

observer

Park (2016) [49]

Korea

71.3/ 72.2

10/10

dementia

institute

Physical fitness

Wii, Motion tracking

task

semi

15

360

cognitive therapy

self reported

Hwang (2017) [50]

Korea

74.1/ 70.1

24/24

MCI

community

cognition, balance

Motion tracking

task

semi

30

600

occupation therapy

observer

Schwenk (2016) [51]

USA

77.8/ 77.9

11/9

MCI

community

gait, balance

Abartar, sensor

task

semi

45

360

no training

self and observer

Lancioni (2015) [52]

Italy

83.6/ 82

6/ 11

AD

community

attention

microswitch, virtual partner

microswich activation

semi

5

485

photo, video

observer

Serino (2017) [53]

Italy

86.6/ 88.7

10/10

AD

community

cognition

gamepad, virtual city

task

semi

20

200

cognitive therapy

observer

Manera (2016) [8]

France

75/ 75

28/28

dementia, MCI

community

attention

3D LCD shutter glasses

task

full

20

20

paper condition

self and observer

  1. Abbreviations: AD Alzheimer Disease, MCI Mild Cognitive Impairment, VR Virtual Reality, Trt Treatment, Cont Control, CDR Clinical Dementia Rating