Table 4 Association between Quality of Life and Cognitive Insight
From: Cognitive insight and quality of life among psychiatric outpatients
Quality of Life (QOL) | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Physical Health | Social Relationships | Psychological | Environment | ||||||||||||
β | 95% CI†| p | β | 95% CI†| p | β | 95% CI†| p | β | 95% CI†| p | |||||
Socio-demographic Variables | ||||||||||||||||
Age | ||||||||||||||||
 35–49 | 1.745 | −1.729 | 5.219 | .324 | .143 | −5.700 | 5.986 | .962 | 1.251 | −2.984 | 5.486 | .562 | −.198 | −4.961 | 4.565 | .935 |
 50–65 | 6.263 | 1.615 | 10.911 | .008 | 14.288 | 6.474 | 22.100 | .000 | 9.887 | 4.221 | 15.554 | .001 | 12.144 | 5.772 | 18.517 | .000 |
 21–34 | Reference | |||||||||||||||
Gender | ||||||||||||||||
 Female | 1.182 | −1.418 | 3.781 | .372 | 1.573 | −2.816 | 5.962 | .481 | .949 | −2.220 | 4.118 | .556 | .892 | −2.672 | 4.455 | .623 |
 Male | Reference | |||||||||||||||
Ethnicity | ||||||||||||||||
 Malay | 3.618 | .505 | 6.731 | .023 | 4.870 | −.366 | 10.100 | .068 | 6.676 | 2.881 | 10.470 | .001 | 3.562 | −.705 | 7.830 | .102 |
 Indian | 2.522 | −1.047 | 6.092 | .166 | −3.978 | −10.023 | 2.066 | .196 | 4.969 | .618 | 9.321 | .025 | −.310 | −5.204 | 4.584 | .901 |
 Chinese | Reference | |||||||||||||||
Education Level | ||||||||||||||||
 No formal education/PSLE | −5.291 | −11.128 | .547 | .076 | −8.947 | −18.755 | .861 | .074 | −4.578 | −11.694 | 2.539 | .207 | −9.370 | −17.373 | −1.366 | .022 |
 Secondary/O level/N level/ Vocational | −.533 | −3.522 | 2.457 | .726 | −1.560 | −6.610 | 3.489 | .544 | −1.243 | −4.887 | 2.401 | .503 | −4.491 | −8.589 | −.392 | .032 |
 Tertiary and above | .494 | −2.975 | 3.964 | .780 | 1.632 | −4.214 | 7.477 | .583 | .449 | −3.781 | 4.678 | .835 | 5.936 | 1.179 | 10.692 | .015 |
 A level/Poly/Other Diploma | Reference | |||||||||||||||
Employment Status | ||||||||||||||||
 Unemployed | −2.418 | −5.011 | .175 | .068 | −2.363 | −6.740 | 2.013 | .289 | −3.648 | −6.809 | −.486 | .024 | −4.595 | −8.151 | −1.040 | .011 |
 Employed | Reference | |||||||||||||||
Marital Status | ||||||||||||||||
 Married | 1.112 | −2.312 | 4.537 | .524 | 1.435 | −4.319 | 7.188 | .624 | 1.370 | −2.805 | 5.544 | .519 | −.858 | −5.553 | 3.837 | .719 |
 Separated | −.332 | −5.303 | 4.639 | .896 | −9.709 | −18.062 | −1.360 | .023 | −1.288 | −7.349 | 4.772 | .676 | −4.350 | −11.166 | 2.465 | .210 |
 Single | Reference | |||||||||||||||
Diagnostic Group | ||||||||||||||||
 Any Mood Disorder | −6.810 | −9.846 | −3.774 | .000 | −8.951 | −14.077 | −3.825 | .001 | −8.105 | −11.807 | −4.404 | .000 | −6.802 | −10.964 | −2.639 | .001 |
 Any Anxiety Disorder | −4.598 | −7.787 | −1.408 | .005 | −3.350 | −8.735 | 2.034 | .222 | −6.281 | −10.169 | −2.393 | .002 | −4.364 | −8.736 | .009 | .050 |
 Schizophrenia and related Psychosis | Reference | |||||||||||||||
Cognitive Insight | .119 | −.112 | .351 | .311 | .373 | −.019 | .766 | .062 | .159 | −.124 | .441 | .270 | .480 | .162 | .797 | .003 |
R Squared Values | 0.086 | 0.107 | 0.105 | 0.133 | ||||||||||||