Table 4 Mean differences in attitudes of different containment methods among the three study sites, separated by the participating groups

1

PRN (as-needed) medication

1.81 (0.98)

1.94 (1.00) a

2.17 (1.17) c

1.58 (0.79)

14.48 (2407)

0.000

0.066

3

Intermittent observation

2.04 (1.00)

2.21 (1.07) a

2.29 (1.14) c

1.84 (0.84)

9.32 (2407)

0.000

0.044

5

Time out

2.35 (1.12)

2.38 (1.05)

2.36 (1.11)

2.33 (1.17)

0.10 (2411)

0.908

9

Constant observation

2.38 (1.07)

2.40 (1.09)

2.45 (1.13)

3.35 (1.03)

0.36 (2410)

0.701

7

PICU

2.67 (1.21)

2.46 (1.07)

2.54 (1.19)

2.82 (1.27)

3.64 (2408)

0.027

0.018

11

Open-area seclusion

2.53 (1.10)

2.48 (1.14)

2.60 (1.20)

2.51 (1.04)

0.30 (2407)

0.738

2

Physical restraint

2.73 (1.27)

3.04 (1.28) a

2.91 (1.32) c

2.52 (1.21)

7.11 (2412)

0.001

0.033

6

IM medication

3.06 (1.34)

3.29 (1.30) a

3.46 (1.40) c

2.77 (1.26)

11.57 (2410)

0.000

0.053

4

Seclusion

3.04 (1.30)

2.89 (1.23)

2.80 (1.40) c

3.22 (1.26)

4.44 (2412)

0.012

0.021

8

Mechanical restraint

3.49 (1.28)

3.46 (1.26)

3.68 (1.33)

3.41 (1.25)

1.55 (2407)

0.214

10

Net bed

4.08 (1.12)

3.98 (1.14)

4.18 (1.18)

4.08 (1.09)

0.76 (2407)

0.468

 1

PRN (as-needed) medication

1.85 (0.86)

1.91 (0.85)

2.02 (0.93) c

1.57 (0.75)

3.86 (2176)

0.023

0.042

 3

Intermittent observation

1.69 (0.64)

1.66 (0.64)

1.85 (0.57)

1.54 (0.69)

3.00 (2176)

0.052

 5

Time out

2.06 (0.81)

1.89 (0.68) a

2.04 (0.73)

2.37 (1.00)

5.52 (2176)

0.005

0.059

 9

Constant observation

1.98 (0.84)

1.99 (0.89)

2.08 (0.81)

1.87 (0.79)

0.75 (2175)

0.473

 7

PICU

3.58 (1.17)

3.36 (1.23) a

3.62 (1.04) c

3.91 (1.15)

19.79 (2177)

0.000

0.183

 11

Open-area seclusion

2.15 (0.81)

1.96 (0.72) a

2.11 (0.67) c

2.50 (0.98)

6.96 (2176)

0.001

0.073

 2

Physical restraint

2.59 (1.00)

2.51 (1.02)

2.66 (1.00)

2.65 (0.97)

0.459 (2176)

0.633

 6

IM medication

2.71 (1.04)

2.73 (1.14)

2.77 (0.99)

2.62 (0.92)

0.29 (2177)

0.746

 4

Seclusion

3.02 (1.09)

2.65 (0.98) a

3.00 (1.02) c

3.68 (1.05)

15.45 (2177)

0.000

0.149

 8

Mechanical restraint

3.58 (1.17)

2.36 (1.23) a

3.62 (1.04)

3.91 (1.15)

3.37 (2176)

0.037

0.037

 10

Net bed

3.91 (1.03)

3.65 (1.08) a

4.04 (0.90) c

4.21 (1.00)

5.29 (2176)

0.006

0.057

 1

PRN (as-needed) medication

1.30 (0.52)

1.30 (0.48)

1.45 (0.60) c

1.17 (0.44)

8.51 (2361)

0.000

0.045

 3

Intermittent observation

1.36 (0.60)

1.34 (0.54)

1.38 (0.66)

1.38 (0.66)

0.246 (2361)

0.782

 5

Time out

1.66 (0.77)

1.41 (0.60) a

1.62 (0.75) c

2.02 (0.86)

21.46 (2361)

0.000

0.106

 9

Constant observation

1.72 (0.80)

1.66 (0.82)

1.77 (0.81)

1.73 (0.77)

0.56 (2361)

0.571

 7

PICU

2.29 (1.14)

2.06 (0.95) a,b

1.70 (0.73) c

3.19 (1.17)

72.63 (2360)

0.000

0.287

 11

Open-area seclusion

2.48 (1.13)

2.05 (0.94) a,b

2.58 (1.15) c

2.93 (1.14)

21.78 (2359)

0.000

0.108

 2

Physical restraint

2.12 (0.90)

2.38 (0.98) a,b

2.06 (0.80)

1.85 (0.82)

11.42 (2360)

0.000

0.060

 6

IM medication

2.03 (0.77)

2.12 (0.72) a

2.22 (0.82) c

1.70 (0.68)

15.41 (2359)

0.000

0.079

 4

Seclusion

2.47 (1.15)

1.89 (0.73) a

2.00 (0.71) c

3.72 (0.99)

184.99 (2361)

0.000

0.506

 8

Mechanical restraint

3.31 (1.18)

2.61 (0.93) a

2.72 (0.98) c

4.24 (0.88)

110.62 (2361)

0.000

0.380

 10

Net bed

4.22 (0.95)

3.97 (1.07) a

4.03 (0.86) c

4.76 (0.56)

29.34 (2361)

0.000

0.140