Table 2 Detection of psychoactive substances in all deaths, n (%)
Norway | Sweden | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Natural deaths n = 32 | Suicides n = 136 | Accidents n = 157 | P-value (×2) | Natural deaths n = 108 | Suicides n = 192 | Accidents n = 124 | Undetermined deaths n = 59 | P-value (× 2) | |
Alcohols | 10 (31) | 36 (27) | 49 (31)o | 0.650 | 37 (34) | 73 (38) | 44 (36) o | 20 (34) | 0.894 |
Ethanol | 10 (31) | 36 (27) | 47 (30) | 37 (34) | 73 (38) | 44 (36) | 20 (34) | ||
Toxic alcoholsa | 0 | 1 (1) | 2 (1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Opioids | 1 (3) | 16 (12) | 87 (55)*** | < 0.001 | 10 (9) | 27 (14) | 38 (31)*** | 20 (34) | < 0.001 |
Heroin/morphine | 0 | 7 (5) | 65 (41) | 2 (2) | 4 (2) | 13 (11) | 6 (10) | ||
Other opioidsb | 1 (3) | 11 (8) | 30 (19) | 9 (8) | 25 (13) | 29 (23) | 18 (31) | ||
Cannabinoids | 2 (6) | 6 (4) | 20 (13)* | 0.036 | 4 (4) | 3 (2) | 10 (8)** | 3 (5) | 0.042 |
Psychostimulantsc | 1 (3) | 10 (7) | 24 (15)* | 0.031 | 3 (3) | 6 (3) | 15 (12)** | 4 (7) | 0.004 |
Benzodiazepines and z-drugsd | 3 (9) | 46 (34) | 64 (41)o | 0.003 | 12 (11) | 49 (26) | 30 (24)o | 22 (37) | 0.001 |
Sedative antihistaminese | 1 (3) | 9 (7) | 8 (5)o | 0.698 | 8 (7) | 33 (17) | 14 (11)o | 14 (24) | 0.013 |
Antidepressants | 3 (9) | 30 (22) | 23 (15)o | 0.114 | 7 (7) | 56 (29) | 21 (17)* | 22 (37) | < 0.001 |
SSRI/SNRI | 3 (9) | 21 (15) | 15 (10) | 6 (6) | 50 (26) | 17 (14) | 19 (32) | ||
Other antidepressants | 0 | 12 (9) | 12 (8) | 1 (1) | 16 (8) | 8 (7) | 5 (9) | ||
Antipsychotics | 2 (6) | 16 (12) | 12 (8)o | 0.396 | 1 (1) | 6 (3) | 5 (4)o | 2 (3) | 0.543 |
Antiepilepticsf | 0 | 7 (5) | 10 (6)o | 0.336 | 7 (7) | 11 (6) | 4 (3)o | 2 (3) | 0.600 |
Other/unspecified psychoactive agentsg | 3 (9) | 12 (9) | 19 (12)o | 0.644 | 1 (1) | 5 (3) | 1 (1)o | 3 (5) | 0.205 |
Any psychoactive agent | 16 (50) | 90 (66) | 134 (85)*** | < 0.001 | 57 (53) | 142 (74) | 82 (66)o | 47 (80) | < 0.001 |