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Table 2 Associations between ACEs and Maternal and Offspring’s Health

From: Mechanisms associated with maternal adverse childhood experiences on offspring’s mental health in Nairobi informal settlements: a mediational model testing approach

 

Child Health

Maternal Health

ACE (Yes/No in 13 areas)

At-risk for Child Externalizing Problems

At-Risk for Child Internalizing Problems

At-Risk for Maternal Mental Disorder

Adolescent Pregnancy

Poor Maternal Physical Health

 

OR

p

OR

p

OR

p

OR

p

OR

p

Neglect

Physical neglect

1.56

.040

1.92

.002

3.33

<.001

1.83

.006

1.63

.017

Emotion neglect

0.65

.054

0.92

.685

1.22

.343

2.03

.001

1.36

.129

Psychological Distress of Family Members

 One or no parents, parental separation or divorce

1.07

.742

1.36

.128

1.17

.470

1.55

.045

1.01

.968

 Alcohol/drug abuser in the household

1.03

.910

1.21

.338

1.37

.141

1.32

.205

1.15

.502

 Someone chronically depressed, mentally ill

0.67

.147

0.66

.091

1.65

.042

1.18

.530

1.00

.983

 Incarcerated household member

1.33

.275

1.17

.521

1.69

.040

1.14

.626

.913

.720

Violence at Home

 Household member treated violently

1.26

.357

1.85

.009

1.27

.334

1.18

.508

.840

.444

 Emotion abuse

1.89

.003

4.14

<.001

2.36

<.001

2.34

<.001

1.49

.051

 Physical abuse

2.32

<.001

3.37

<.001

1.81

.005

1.30

.232

1.15

.487

Violence in Community

 Bullying many time

1.44

.148

1.22

.411

1.95

.005

1.72

.029

2.00

.004

 Community violence

1.68

.015

1.46

.061

1.14

.547

1.29

.241

1.07

.727

 Collective violence

1.01

.951

1.18

.418

2.39

<.001

1.25

.306

1.08

.715

Sexual violence

 Contact sexual abuse

1.50

.145

1.49

.142

1.42

.205

1.93

.017

1.37

.243

Number of ACE Risk By Domain (Score Range)

 Neglect (0–2)

1.29

.065

1.01

.951

1.92

<.001

1.86

<.001

1.45

.008

 Psychological distress of family members (0–4)

1.09

.373

1.02

.826

1.28

.010

1.22

.045

1.01

.923

 Violence at home (0–3)

2.05

<.001

1.45

<.001

1.45

<.001

1.33

.008

1.09

.358

 Violence in community (0–3)

1.23

.061

1.27

.044

1.55

<.001

1.30

.027

1.21

.084

Total # ACE risk (0–13)

1.21

<.001

1.11

.013

1.26

<.001

1.20

<.001

1.08

.051

  1. Note. Analyses were based on univariate logistic regression