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Fig. 2 | BMC Psychiatry

Fig. 2

From: Collective interaction effects associated with mammalian behavioral traits reveal genetic factors connecting fear and hemostasis

Fig. 2

Regularized inference of genotype-quantitative trait associations for two different sample sizes and varying penalizer values. a–d Simulated data with n = 100, where the overall dependence of prediction score R (correlation between predicted and actual phenotype values for test individuals) is shown in a, and b–d show the comparisons between predicted and true parameter values (single-SNP parameter h and interaction J for each SNP and SNP pairs, respectively) for three different penalizer λ values. Closer to the diagonal is better. Note that the condition λ = 0.1 in c optimizing R (see a) gives the best fit. e–g Analogous results for n = 104. The sample size is large enough such that overfitting under small λ is negligible. The number of SNPs was m = 5 and the dominant model was used. Parameters were generated randomly from normal distributions: h(0) ~ N(−0.3, 0.12), h(1)~ N(0.3, 0.12), J(0) ~ N(0, 0.052), and J(1) ~ N(0.1, 0.052). The phenotype values {y k } for k = 1, …, n were generated from N(0, 1) and, for each individual, the conditional genotype distribution given by Eqs. (2–3) was used to generate genotypes

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