Table 5 Studies of psychiatric disease in CD patients and controls, where CD sample size ≥200

Ludvigsson JF, 2007 [17].

Sweden

13,776 CD

66,815 HC

Presence of mood disorders and association between prior major depression and CD

Increased risk of subsequent depression in CD (HR 1.8; 95% CI 1.6–2.2; p < 0.001)

Individuals with prior depression at increased risk of a subsequent diagnosis of CD (OR 2.3; 95% CI 2.0–2.8; p < 0.001)

CD was not associated with subsequent BD (HR 1.1; 95% CI 0.7–1.7; p = 0.779.

Individuals with prior BD at increased risk of a subsequent diagnosis of CD (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.2–2.3; p = 0.001)

Garud S, 2009 [10].

US

600 CD

200 HC

200 IBS

Psychiatric disorders

No difference in CD vs HC (17.2% vs 16.0%, p = 0.79) and no difference in CD vs IBS (17.2% vs 18.5%, p = 0.74)

No difference in anxiety in CD vs HC (8.7% vs 4.5%, p = 0.08) or CD vs IBS (8.7% vs 12.0%, p = 0.21).

Hauser W, 2010 [21].

Germany

441 CD

441 HC

235 IBD

Anxiety and Depression

No difference in all groups (p = 0.3)

No difference in the frequency of probable depressive disorder between the three groups (p = 0.1)

Anxiety levels higher CD and IBD than in HC (all P < 0.001). No difference in CD vs IBD, when adjusted for social class (p = 0.3)

Frequency of probable anxiety disorder higher in CDs and IBDs than in controls (15.4% vs 14.0% vs 5.7%) (all p < 0.001)

Mårild K, 2014 [25].

Sweden

2933 CD

14,571 HC

Hypnotic Use

4.4% CD vs 3.3% HC used ≥2 prescribed hypnotics (OR: 1.33; 95% CI: 1.08–1.62)

≥ 2 prescribed hypnotics common both ≥1 year before (OR 1.23; 95% CI 0.88–1.71) and after diagnosis (HR 1.36; 95% CI 1.30–1.41)

Present study

US

1293 CD

1401 with dyspepsia or GERD

Use of psychotropic medications

No difference in antidepressant use (OR 1.28; 95% CI 1.03–1.59; p = 0.03)

No difference in anxiolytic use (OR 1.07; 95% CI 0.80–1.43; p = 0.65), mood stabilizer use (OR 0.76; 95% CI 0.42–1.37; p = 0.35), or sleep aids (OR 1.12; 95% CI 0.72–1.75; p = 0.60)