Table 3 Standardized factor loadings from CFA of orthogonal bi-factor model specifying one content-related factor and two method factors (depending on item-coding) as well as a general one-factor model

Item

Item content

Factor 1 (content)

Factor 2(method pos.)

Factor 2(method neg.)

General factor

1*

hope and enthusiasm

0.686

0.515

–

0.769

2

might as well give up

0.674

–

0.403

0.751

3*

bad things won’t stay forever

0.563

0.217

–

0.572

4

can’t imagine live in 10 years

0.358

–

0.167

0.377

5*

enough time for accomplishments

0.583

0.504

–

0.671

6*

expect to succeed

0.733

0.519

–

0.815

7

dark future

0.910

–

0.116

0.878

8*

particularly lucky

0.195

0.516

–

0.292

9

can’t get the breaks

0.588

–

0.438

0.678

10*

well prepared for the future

0.652

0.404

–

0.706

11

unpleasantness ahead

0.850

–

0.263

0.870

12

don’t expect to get what I really want

0.633

–

0.390

0.705

13*

future will be happier

−0.081

0.488

–

0.034

14

things just don’t work out

0.770

–

0.262

0.793

15*

faith in the future

0.697

0.476

–

0.765

16

never get what I want

0.668

–

0.593

0.825

17

real satisfaction unlikely

0.797

–

0.409

0.871

18

future vague and uncertain

0.861

–

0.020

0.800

19*

more good times

0.681

0.385

–

0.725

20

no use in trying

0.646

–

0.636

0.812